Chemical Risk Analysis_ A Practical Handbook.pdf

Chemical Risk Analysis:

A Practical Handbook

by Bernard Martel

• Paperback: 528 pages

• Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann (July 6, 2004)

• Language: English

• ISBN-10: 1903996651

Table of Contents

Publishers note

Preface

Preface to English language edition

Glossary of symbols and abbreviations

Introduction - Analysis of risk, prevention, protection

Flammability

1.1

Vapour pressure

1.2

Limits of flammability

1.3

Flashpoints

1.4

Autoignition temperatures (AIT)

1.5

Fire hazard risk; methods of classification

Stability

2.1

Experimental methods of determination

2.2

Qualitative approach to instability

2.3

Quantitative approach: The CHETAH programme

101

2.4

Other quantitative approaches

119

2.5

Classification of instability risk

120

Toxicity

125

3.1

Substance toxicity: evaluation parameters

126

3.2

Establishing level of toxic risk of substances

129

3.3

Problems posed by the determination of toxicity risk levels

133

3.4

Quantitative estimation methods

134

3.5

Case study

138

3.6

Proposal for quantitative index for toxic risk

140

Dangerous reactions: methodology

143

4.1

Dangerous reactions: information parameters

144

4.2

Qualitative approach

146

4.3

Quantitative estimation of dangerous character of a reaction

155

Dangerous reactions of inorganic chemicals

163

Dangerous reactions of organic chemicals

235

6.1

Hydrocarbons

235

6.2

Alcohols and glycols

248

6.3

Phenols

258

6.4

Ethers

260

6.5

Halogen derivatives

272

6.6

Amines

285

6.7

Nitrated derivatives

292

6.8

Aldehydes, ketones and acetals

307

6.9

Carboxylic acids

315

6.10

Esters

321

6.11

Acid anhydrides and chlorides

327

6.12

Nitriles

334

6.13

Amides and analogues

338

6.14

Miscellaneous substances

345

Inorganic elements and their compounds

359

Organic compounds

385

Tables of chemical names and corresponding formulae

459

9.1

Inorganic substances

459

9.2

Organic substances

470

Publications and Internet Site Bibliography

493

Chemicals Index

495

Subject Index

527

Preface

Safety is a young 'science' and, as such, has passed through an essentially

descriptive phase. In the development of risk chemistry most of the published

work to date is descriptive and directed mainly to the production of safety data

material.

Safety is often associated with the sometimes dramatic context of accidents. It is

then dominated by the mandatory regulations emanating from the European

Union and other equivalent bodies, which impose more and more legal

constraints.

Producing a publication that can bring together these two interests, descriptive

and juridical, does not appear to me a natural way to progress thinking and

practice in risk chemistry.

In the descriptive domain, the material offered by the numerous data banks, by

researching the internet, and that available arising from the obligations on

suppliers to provide freely complete safety publications for the user (but which are

sometimes open to criticism, as in this book) makes it, it seems to me,

superfluous to offer yet another similar contribution of that kind.

So the object of this book is to attempt a scientific and technical approach to risk

chemistry which, without ignoring regulatory aspects, nevertheless does not

subjugate itself to their logic and constraints. To realise a scientific approach

assumes, first, a critical attitude to the data-providing techniques themselves, and

secondly, the research of quantification of the notion of level of risk in order to

dispense with the traditional trilogy of 'very dangerous, moderately dangerous, a

little dangerous'.

This book is, then, dominated first of all by a new concept of data concerning the

relative safeties of chemical products (hence the quest for exhaustivity which in

this book, leads to the inclusion of safety data for more than 1900 substances,

plainly different from the updating concept employed by most authors).

It emphasises the need to research quantitative evaluation risk models and thus

to provide for the reader means to define a level of danger, in a rigorous fashion,

taking into account in his own way work already carried out in this domain. The

model proposed ought to be considered as a route and a clue to a way of thinking

and not necessarily as definitive.

My wish is that, on the basis of the thinking that might come from reading this

book, the reader will be able to forge appropriate tools for the appreciation of risk

situations with which he is confronted. There are, in this book, several places

where the reader is invited to work out for himself his quantification model and it

happens each time that the model is narrowly based on a particular work

situation. This is the case with the invitation to the reader to adapt the Dow

Chemical method of analysis, developed for industrial chemical installations, to

ordinary work situations.

I have also wished to contribute to the bringing to bear of 'order' into the domain

of chemical reactions termed dangerous'. In this field, the contributions of various

authors (eg IRNS, Bretherick) have been in the nature of lexicons or dictionaries.

In these, each product is treated as unique without taking account of their

belonging to, in the case of organic chemicals, series, or classes of cations and

anions for inorganic compounds. But must one install order into dangerous

chemical reactions which are often manifestations of disorder: disorders of

operating mode, environmental conditions, man-made error, molecular disorder?

I have attempted to organise the presentation of this subject by treating series of

chemical products; the chapters dealing with dangerous chemical reactions each

virtually constitute a book within a book. However, I have only been able to make

some sort of approach to my objective in the domain of organic chemistry and

this part is the only one in which I have approached the problem of prevention.

My design here is to bypass reactions declared dangerous merely because they

have provoked an accident, in order to provide the means of predicting the

potential danger of a reaction, by virtue of global treatment of products that have

structures in common.

This area, is in fact, the weak point in most studies of risk chemistry, and also

notably, in the regulatory safety data publications mentioned above.

Two objectives have dominated the thinking behind the dangerous reaction

chapters: the means to supplement the often inadequate safety documents

available in this area and to provide for university teachers (and other lecturers

and trainers) an aid which will enable them to integrate the study of safety into

their chemical reactivity courses. Safety is often missing from this type of

exercise, although there are exceptions.

For whom is this book intended? For those involved in industry, particularly

nonchemical operations), who have, for a long while (since the application of the

Labour Code) had much experience in safety matters, but for whom my

experience as a trainer in the department of Hygiene, Safety and Environment of

the IUT allows me to say how inadequately prepared they are when confronted

with certain aspects of risk chemistry. Public organisations, curiously, had, until

recently, no obligation to administer the Labour Code and that which concerned

hygiene and workers' safety. This book is concerned with all these activities but

is not addressed to all safety officers because it presupposes a basic knowledge

of chemistry. For all that, the chemist may not be at ease with this book, which he

may find difficult. For this reason, numerous examples are provided to illustrate

the methods studied, and assist in their application, and to permit him to identify

the limits.

Meanwhile, this book will not suffice to provide total comprehension of chemical

risk and needs to be used in conjunction with other material.

For situations of high chemical risk, this book is at the level of 'preliminary analysis

of risk' (hence its title), that is to say, at the first stage of risk inventory, these

linked to chemical products and their implicit chemical reactions. It brings

together substances and procedure. On the other hand, a deep understanding of

work routines, implicit in risks other than chemical, is necessary. Certain areas of

activity are excluded from this book, notably related to phytosanitary products

and equally, the interaction of chemical products with the environment have been

ignored.

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