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CONTENTS

Exumples Puge

vii

1. PAWN ENDINGS

I Thc Opposition

2 K,,f-P V. K

3 K,,I-ZP V. K

4 K-bP V. K+P

5 KS-2P 7. K,+P

6 More Pawm: Material Advantage

7 Mort Pawns: Positional Advanvage

(:opy~-igl?~

Iooper.

All rights rcservcrl u11tlt.r Pan A711eric:in ant!

111tc1-rrational Copyright Convpntiona.

11. MINOR PKECE ENDINGS

1 Kt v. P

2 3 {or Kt) v. 2P

3 B (or KQ Y. 3P

4 B {or fCtj+P v. K

5 B (or Kt)-kP v. P

6 B (OC Kt)+-P v. 2P

7 B (or Kt)!-P v. 3P

8 3 (or KO-tPziwns v. Pawns

9 B (or Kt)+P v. B (or Kt)

10 B (or Kt)+2P v. B (or Kt)

11 B (or Kt)+,2P v. B (or XCt)+P

12 More Pawns: Material Advantage

13 More Pawns: Posirionai Advantage

14 B+2P v. B of opposite coIour

15 Bishops of opposite colour: more pawn.$

16 Two Minor Piems v. Two Minor Pieces

CHAPTER

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III. KOOK ENDINGS

I RvP

2 R v. 2P

3 R v. 3P

4 R+P v. R

5 R+2P v. R

CHAP~~R

@ 1!)59 f)y Dl., Max Euri,c ;ilrtl I>it>itl

CHAPTER

"T'his Ilttvcr txlilio~r,first ptiblistrctl in 1976, is arr

unaltrictgd anrl a)r.rr.c.teri rcpuklication ctf ~hc

CONTENTS

6 RIP v. Rf P

7 R+2P V. R-I-P

8 More Pawns: Matcrial Advanrage

9 More Pawns: Posiiional Advantage

INTRODUCTION

TODAY many more tournament games are being prayed, and club and

match games brought more frcquentfy to a finish, so that the ending is

not left to the adjudicator:but is becoming of increasing importance to

the ordinary p~a)cf. For the expert it has long been an outstanding

characteristic of his play, and it is not accidcntai that the greatest

mastcrs of chess have also been the greatest masters of the end-game.

In the end-game, unlike the opening, proficiency does not depnd on

the memory, but upon methodical study, and it is not difficult, to acquire

a skill that will add its quota of points and half-points to thc score table.

Endings are predominantly positional. in charat%er, although com-

binstive and tactical maneuvring often enlivens the play. The best

endings have their own appeal, one of accurate timing and precision.

But the compelling reason for study is surely the practical one: after a

long struggle how heart-breaking it is not to reap one's full reward

because of poor end-pby! In more than sixty examples from play in

this book decisive mistakes wcre made, often by tfic greatest masters.

Xn many ways the ending is a different kind of game: the importance

of the pawn centre diminishes; the king becomes active; there is the

possibility of stalemate; and the pawns, no longer a skeleton clothed

by pieces, become powerful in themselves. When the number of pawns

is reduced then vakes change, so that a piece may be worth no more

than a pawn.

Rather than a sketchy outline of the wholc fidd, we have made a

fairly thorough study of those endings most likely to occur in play,

especially chose with rooks. The book is hsl worked through as a

course of study, so that the underlying ideas are absorbed, and a sound

positional judgment acquired. It is not at first necessary to understand

every nuance, far less to try to remember the mare difficult and

complex variations; indeed, one might weli pass over the sub-varjatians

at a first reading. Some of the examples, noticesably in the later chapters,

are harder than others. Although considered a suitable Cextbok for the

less skilied player, some more cornplicatcd studies, and some recent

theoretical discoveries such as the analyses of R+BP+RP v. R, and

Q-tKtP v. Q, are included. Endings at first difficult yidd to further

study; the wcaker player nced never be discouraged, far in time the

ideaas bbecamc dearer, and a logical pattern is revealed.

The examples arc for the most part classified according to the kind

CHAPTER IV, QUEEN ENDINGS

I Qv.P

2 Q Y. Mom Pawns

3 Qs-P v. Q

4 Q+2P V. Q

5 More Pawns: Malerial Advantage

6 More Pawns: Positional Advantage

or more series of comparative studies,

e.g. Examplcs 223-225, are intended to show the importance of this.

Most of the usual conventions are folfawed. In chc diagrams White

moves up the board. The player with the advantage, the 'stronger

party', is often calfcd Whilc. Howcver, a question mark is used only to

indicate a dccisivc error that changes the course of thc game, and is not

otherwise used. The first named player is usually the player of the White

pieces, although the uolours may be reversed for clearer presentation.

Far the same rertson the em--dash is omitted from the moves of sub-

variations, e.g. P-K4 bccomes PK4.

Acknowledgments are especialIy given to Cheron's three volume

rnastcrpiect: Lehr- lrr~d E111~fdbuch

PAWN ENDINGS

-. . . the Pawns: They am the very Life of this Game. They alone form the Atlack

and the Wefencc; on their good OX bad Situation depends the Gain or Loss of the

Party.'

PIIIUDCIR,

1749.

I. THE OPPOSITION

Bringing the king into play is the Erst

thing to do in mast cases; for in contrast

to the earlier phases of the game it is in

the endins! that the Irin~.instcad of

hiding himself or playing'into safety,

bmes an attacking piece.

Xts freedom of action as it approaches

its rivai is controlled by a wfationshrp

ktwecn their respective positions, which

is known as the opposition.

X The kings stand opposite one

another, i.e. in opposition.

White, having to move, can never

force his way forward: 1. KQ2 KQ5

2. KK2 KK541e is directIy opposed.

Conversely, if Black moves first then he

in turn cannot get to his sixth rank:

4...

R-B 3

der ErrJspiede, Berlin, 1955-57; Kook

against fawns, by Mnixlis, Moscow, 1956; Chess Endings-Pawns,

Bfshops, ad Knights, by Maizelis, Averbach, and Chekover, Moscow,

1956; Koncowu Gra S~ucho~+~,

5 K-RS

K--Kt2

6 K---Kt5

ic; ,,,,,,,,, 132

7 K ,,,,,,- R6

K-Kt 1

8 K-Kt6.

Black may defend his corner square,

8... KRI 9. KB7 KRZ 10. KM, or

Vol. 2, 2854, and Vol. 3, 1957, Warsaw,

an extensive collection of end-games with pieces, by Gawlikowski.

We should also like to acknowledge the generous help given by

Mr. F. W. Allen, who assiduously checked thc proofs; by Mr. van den

Berg, who assisted with analysis and in various other ways; and by

Mr. K. Wbyld, whose resmrch was invaluable.

DR. 34. EIIWE,Amsterdam.

DAVID NWPER, Reigate, England.

his bishop's square, 8.. . KBI 9. KR7

KBZ 10. KR8; but he is powerless to

prevent White forcing his way through

to the back rank.

September, 1958.

1.. . KQ5 2. KQ2 KRS 3. KK2.

The ppayer with the move cannot farce

the advance of his king; but this is not

all, for bc cannot prcvcnt his opponent's

advance.

We shall suppose it to ix Black's

move:

I... K-,QS

After which White's forward path is

obstructed only on two squarm (Q3,

4133); But if I... KKt5 then White

outflanlrs by 2. KQ3.

Dirm opposition

White might as easily have reachad

Ihe back rank on the king's side. 'Yo

force this he must first move along the

rank. holding the opposition: I... KifS

2. KQ2 (Aftc~

the irnmcdiate outflanking

2. KKt3 KQC, WJlite at &st gcts to

QM8 or QR8.) 2.. . KKS 3. KK2 KBS

4. K32 KKtS 5. KKt2 and now White

oulflanks by 5... KBS 6. KR3, or 5...

KRS 6. KB3, then working his way up

the fiIes, as before.

White, then, can force his way to any

White's further advance, or out-

flanking, is restrict& by the edge of the

board, so hc rcvakes thc opposition, and

Black, having to move, must again give

way-

viii

of pawn-formation, and a do~en

I PAWN ENDXNGS

part of the board, but not lo any par-

I THE OPPOSXTION

musf bo careliii nor to /

5 ...

K-Q2

tion by his pawn, as in the first variation. I corner. If I ... KKtS 2. KKt2 Whiie

iiculrr square. 1%~

Trying

king, fn. if

mcnced by playing I. .. KH, ceding ail I

three squares in front of White's king,

then Whitc must reply 2. K83 rewining

the oppositior~,fur eithsr 2. KKt3 KRt4

or 2. KQ3 KQ4 loses it.

moves along to KKt2 and then out-

flanks; or it' I. .. KB6 2, KR3 and White

moves to QR7 and outflanks. In botil

these cases the diagonal opposition,

which is often transitory, immediately

rransDoses to the direct oonosition.

lose the opposilion until his objective is

s,,. KK~

ch. KK3 7. ~136,

and

in sight. if, for instam, Btack corn- if s.,. KKZ 6. KR6.

At this stage Black also draws aRer

4.. KK2 (B2) 5. KB5 KQ2, for White's

pawn again prcvcnts his taking the

opposition.

5 K-R5 K-B2 1 ~nst&d, Black might play I... KQS

Black takcs rhc opposition whim 1

Conversely, similar powers accrue to

Rlack if White moves first.

When the kings are thus opposed on

file om square ag;dr[ it is term&

vertical direct opposition. It is usual to

say that tkc player who ttasn't the move

has the opposition, e-g. White bas the

opposition if it is Black's move.

Whoever movm first n~ust give

ground; or to put it another way: if you

have the opposition you can oizlflank

your opponent, and moreover you can

choose your momem for doing so.

The player having thc vertical opposi-

tion may force I~is wiiy to the farther-

most rank. Also, a player having the

horizvncal direct opposition may get to

the farthermost file, e.g. White K at

QKt6, BIack K ;it his Q3, which is

simply Exarnpte 1 turned ninety degrees,

'I'hc direct opposiiion (king5 one

square apart on the same file or rank)

is the most fundamentai of alt chess

rnanceuvm; and is of conseqritnce in

most of the pawn endings in this book.

K-K2

KKt2 RR5 3* KB2 Ki35 4,

White's king advances round the side of

his pawn.

KK'5 '. KK2 KR5 6. KB2 KR4

7. KB3, erc.

In practice the diagonal oppasiiion is

usually seen as a defcasive manceuvre, a

Instcad, 6... K-QI may be pfayed , ~neansofpmventingtheopponent taking

at once.

K-42

' The direct and diagonaI opposiliuns

1 arc the only forms of close opposition

Now that the pawn is on the sixth only j wkem the square or squares controlled

ibis retrat draws- If 7. .+ KKI rfll)'! ! by one king may also

K-41

8. KK6 (86) KQI 8. PQ7.

I the other. There arc also lona-ran%

catjlmandd by

i forms of the opposition, where tl& kin&

8 K.--B6

K-B1

are three or five squares apart.

The kings are dcfincd as stand~ng In

opposition when (a) they are on squarcs

of the same colour, and (b) here is an

cdd number of squares between them by

he most dirrct route or routes.

4 With tllree squams between ihcm

on the same file, the kings are in vertical

distant opposition. The player who has

the opposition (we shalt suppose it to be

Whitc) ha.? tbc power to get to any pari

of the hard, as in ExampIe I.

Black takes the opposition, and

White's king is unablc to cuminand the

queening square.

9 P-Q7 ch.

White plays and draws

3 The kings arc one square apart on

the same diagonal, and are said to be in

diagonal opposition.

The possession of any form of thc

opposition mcans that one can force

one's way to any part of the hoard. If it

is Black's move, then Mite ha the

onnosition. and we mav sunoose he

Black plays end loses

2 The o~tplrsition is here the decbive

Factor, for lidnabla White to control the

quacning square.

1 ...

But without the opprtsition White

cannot win.

None of Black's eight pwsibIc moves

prevents the invasion of his ranks. If he

advances, Wltite takes the diract opposi-

tion; if he retreats Wllite pursues, main-

taining rlre ciisiant opposition; and if he

movm sideways, as here, White outflanks

by stepping to the other side.

K-Kt3

FC,,,-.ICt3

2 K-Kt4

K-I33

2 K-34

K--,,B3

3 K-34

White holds the opposition until his

king is in front of

3 P-Q4

White must try this as he will make no

badway with his king.

his Dawn.

the

file as)

tion bacalrse his pawn occupies the

5 K-BS relevant square. This always happens

Thc right moment for the outfianking i when the pawn is beside or ahead of its

movement.

i White cannot take the direct opposi-

Whitc outfianks at once. If he wishes

instead to penetrate the king's side, hc

must first play along the rank, 2. K-42.

2 ...

lL-02

3 K-,,R4

1 There iu often a choice, and either

) king If White is ro win he must be able

Diugonaf opposition

to manmvre his king clear of obstruc- I wants to get to a square near his KR8

6 P-46 ch.

! the direcr opposition, as in Example 7.

10 K-Q6 stalemate. K-4.1

If 4.. . RB3 5. KK5.

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