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MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE

PLANT LIFE

MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE

PLANT LIFE

Volume 3

Microbial Nutrition and Metabolism–

Sustainable Agriculture

Editor

Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D.

Pacific Union College, Department of Biology

Project Editor

Christina J. Moose

Salem Press, Inc.

Pasadena, California

Hackensack, New Jersey

Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson

Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose

Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum

Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller

Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen

Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn

Photograph Editor: Philip Bader

Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea

Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson

Layout: William Zimmerman

Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki

Salem Press, Inc.

All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what-

soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,

or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the

publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115.

Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life

Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia

of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001).

The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of

Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D. Ness.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p. ).

ISBN 1-58765-084-3 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-58765-085-1 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) —

ISBN 1-58765-086-X (vol. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-58765-087-8 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) —

ISBN 1-58765-088-6 (vol. 4 : alk. paper)

1. Botany—Encyclopedias. I. Ness, Bryan D.

QK7 .M34 2002

580

.3—dc21

2002013319

First Printing

printed in the united states of america

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Illustrations, Charts, and Tables . . . . xlix

Alphabetical List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . liii

Organic gardening and farming . . . . . . . . 747

Osmosis, simple diffusion, and

facilitated diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

Oxidative phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . 755

Ozone layer and ozone hole debate . . . . . . 757

Microbial nutrition and metabolism . . . . . . 663

Microbodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Mitochondrial DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Mitosis and meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Mitosporic fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Model organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Molecular systematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Monocots vs. dicots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Monocotyledones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690

Monoculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Mosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

Multiple-use approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

Mycorrhizae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Pacific Island agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Pacific Island flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Paclitaxel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Paleobotany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Paleoecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Parasitic plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Peat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Peroxisomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Petrified wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Pheromones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

Phosphorus cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Photoperiodism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794

Photorespiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

Photosynthetic light absorption. . . . . . . . . 804

Photosynthetic light reactions. . . . . . . . . . 807

Phytoplankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

Pigments in plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Plant biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

Plant cells: molecular level . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Plant domestication and breeding . . . . . . . 826

Plant fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Plant life spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

Plant science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Plant tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Plantae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

Plants with potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Plasma membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Plasmodial slime molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Poisonous and noxious plants . . . . . . . . . 857

Pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

Polyploidy and aneuploidy . . . . . . . . . . . 865

Nastic movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

Nitrogen cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

Nitrogen fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Nonrandom mating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

North American agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . 714

North American flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

Nuclear envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

Nucleic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

Nucleolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

Nucleoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Nutrient cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Nutrition in agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Oil bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Old-growth forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

Oomycetes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

Orchids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

xlvii

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