Machine Language for Beginners.pdf

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LAN UAGE
FOR
BEGINNERS
Machine Language Programming
For BASIC Language Programmers
Richard Mansfield
guQM~~a!~~~En~s?l~S9ctions/lnc .•
Greensboro, North Carolina
MA HINE
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"A fe w e ntry puints, uriginaVupgrad e ROM " a nd "Plo tting With the CBM 2022 Printer"
were orig inally publi s h ed in COMPUTE' M,lga zin e, Jan ua ry/ Febru a ry 1980, copy ri g ht
1980, Small Syste m Services, Inc. "BASIC 4.0 Memo ry Map" a nd " P ET 4.0 ROM
Routines" w e re origina ll y publis hed in COMPUTE! Magazin e, Novembe r/December
1980, copyright 1980, Small System Services, In c. " More VI C Maps" was o ri g ina ll y pub-
lished in COM PUTE' Magazi ne, March ]982, copyrig ht 1982, Sma ll Syste m Services, In c.
"Commodore 64 Memory Map" was originall y p u bli s h ed in CO MPUTE! Magazin e,
Octobe r 1982, copyright 1982, Small Sy s te ill Se rvices, In c. "Shoot" was originally pub-
lished in COMPUTE' Magazin e, Septe mbe r 1981, copyright 1981 , Sm a ll Systc lll Sc rvices,
Inc. "SUPERMON: A Prima ry Tool Fo r Ma chine La nguage Programming" was o rigina ll y
published in COMPUTE' Magazin e, Deccmbe r 198 1, cop yrig ht 1981 , Small Syste m
Services, In c. "MICR OMON: An Enhanced Ma chine La n g uage Munitor" was o ri gina ll y
publis hed in CO MPUTE' Magazine, Ja nuary 1982, copyright 1982, Sm a ll Syste m Services,
Inc. " VI C Micromon" was orig ina ll y publi s hed in COMPUTE' Magazi n e, November
1982, copy ri g ht 1982, Sm a li Systcm Se rvi ces, In c. "Supe rm o n 64" was originally published
in COMPUTE! Magazine, Ja nua ry 1983, copyri g ht 1983, Sma ll Syste m Services, In c.
Copyright © 1983, Small System Services, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproducti o n or translatio n of any part of this work beyond that permitte d by Secti o n s
107 a nd 108 of the United S tates Copyright Act witho ut t he permission of the copyrig ht
owner is unlawful.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-942386-11-6
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
ii
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Table of Contents
Preface .... ........ .. . .... .. ........... .. ... v
Introduction - Why Machine Language? .... . ... . .. vii
Chapter I : How To Use This Book .......... .. .
Chapter 2: The Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 3: The Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 4: Addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Chapter 5: Arithmetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
Chapter 6: The Instruction Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
Chapter 7: Borrowing from BASIC. . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
Chapter 8: Building A Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
Chapter 9: ML Equivalents
Of BASIC Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 21
Appendices
A: Instruction Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149
B: Maps ............ . .................... 167
C: Assembler Programs . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
D: Disassembler Programs . .. ... .... . ........ 237
E: Number Charts .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
F: Monitor Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
G: The Wedge .......... ..... .... ... ...... 335
Index ...... ... ... . ....... .. ... .. ........ 339
iii
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