Eutrophication Management and Ecotoxicology - M. Scholten, et al., (Springer, 2005) WW.pdf - Bio Med 10 - hilakku

Environmental Science

Series Editors: R Allan

•

U. Förstner

•

W. Salomons

M.C. Th. Scholten, E.M. Foekema,

H.P. Van Dokkum, N.H.B.M. Kaag and

R.G. Jak

Eutrophication

Management

and Ecotoxicology

With 75 Figures

M ARTIN C.T H . S CHOLTEN

E DWIN M. F OEKEMA

H ENNO P. V AN D OKKUM

N ICOLAAS H.B.M. K AAG

R OBBERT G. J AK

TNO-MEP

P.O. B OX 57

1780 AB, D EN H ELDER

T HE N ETHERLANDS

E- MAIL :

H. VAN D OKKUM @ MEP . TNO . NL

ISSN 1431-6250

ISBN 3-540-22210-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004114232

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Table of Contents

1 Eutrophication and the Ecosystem .......................................................1

1.1 Background.......................................................................................1

1.2 Eutrophic and Eutrophicated Waters................................................2

1.3 Trophic Cascades in Freshwaters ....................................................5

1.4 Eutrophicated Waters: Disturbed Trophic Cascades .....................13

2 Daphnid Grazing Ecology .....................................................................21

2.1 Daphnids and Their Ecological Role...............................................21

2.2 Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness –

Concept and Measurement ............................................................38

2.3 Modelling Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness......................................49

3 Toxic Reduction of Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness ..........................57

3.1 Daphnid Ecotoxicology ...................................................................57

3.2 Observations from Mesocosm Studies ..........................................62

3.3 Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness in Response

to Toxicant Exposure ......................................................................72

4 Field Observations of Daphnid Grazing ..............................................81

4.1 Two Different Lakes in Holland .......................................................81

4.2 The Plankton Dynamics in Lake Geestmerambacht ......................82

4.3 The Plankton Dynamics in Lake Amstelmeer .................................89

4.4 What Can Be Learned from These Lakes?.....................................91

5 New Perspectives for Eutrophication Management..........................97

5.1 A New Dimension in Lake Eutrophication Management ................97

5.2 How to Address Ecotoxicology

in Eutrophication Management.....................................................102

5.3 Epilogue ........................................................................................108

Acknowledgements ...............................................................................111

References ..............................................................................................113

1 Eutrophication and the Ecosystem

1.1 Background

Eutrophication of surface waters is generally recognised as a matter for environ-

mental concern. Eutrophication is characterised by increased algal growth, with an

increased incidence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms and a decrease in the abun-

dance of species.

Some of the manifest problems brought about by prolific algal biomass include:

turbid waters; anoxic conditions; bad smell and chironomid and Culex midge

plagues (Vollenweider 1990; Moss et al. 1996a; Carpenter et al. 1998). Such eu-

trophication problems (“eutrophication” sensu lato ) are generally considered to be

the consequence of enhanced nutrient loadings (“eutrophication” sensu stricto )

(Likens 1972; Vollenweider 1990; Reynolds 1992; Moss et al. 1996a; Carpenter et

al. 1998). Therefore, the management of eutrophicated water bodies is usually

primarily focused on the reduction of nutrient loading, supported by a policy of

reduced environmental releases of phosphorus from laundry detergents, sewage

and agriculture.

However, it became apparent over the past decade, that reduced grazing of al-

gae by daphnids can be a crucial factor determining whether or not nutrient en-

richment will lead to eutrophication problems (Moss et al. 1991; Moss et al.

1996b; Reynolds 1994). Biomanipulation of eutrophicated shallow water bodies,

thereby improving ecological conditions for daphnids, became a regular tool ap-

plied in eutrophication management practice (Benndorf 1990; McQueen 1998;

Harper et al. 1999).

Biomanipulation is mainly focussed on the improvement of biological condi-

tions leading to a higher survival rate for daphnids as part of the aquatic foodweb.

Examples of biomanipulation measures include: reduction of predation by plank-

tivorous fish and improvement to the submerged vegetation as a shelter for daph-

nids against predation. More recently, the palatability of suspended particles as a

factor determining the grazing efficiency of daphnids has become a topic of inter-

est. High concentrations of resuspended inorganic particles hamper daphnid graz-

ing, while at the same time stimulating algal growth due to increased nutrient re-

leases (Kirk and Gilbert 1990; Ogilvie and Mitchell 1998). Top-down control by

daphnids under eutrophicated conditions may also be reduced by the presence of

unpalatable algal species (mainly cyanobacteria) that may gain competitive advan-

tage over the heavily grazed palatable algal species.

This book covers another important aspect regarding the improvement of envi-

ronmental conditions for daphnids, which is necessary for successful eutrophica-

tion management, i.e. optimalisation of the abiotic water conditions. Bales et al.

Eutrophication Management and Ecotoxicology - M. Scholten, et al., (Springer, 2005) WW.pdf

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