Perl for Sysadmins - O'Reilly.pdf

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The Five-Minute RCS Tutorial (Perl for System Administration)
The Five−Minute RCS Tutorial (Perl for System Administration)
The Five−Minute RCS Tutorial (Perl for System Administration)
Table of Contents
Appendix A. The Five−Minute RCS Tutorial. .................................................................................................1
A.1. References for More Information .................................................................................................................2
Appendix B. The Ten−Minute LDAP Tutorial. ...............................................................................................4
B.1. LDAP Data Organization. .............................................................................................................................5
Appendix C. The Eight−Minute XML Tutoria. ..............................................................................................9
C.1. XML Is a Markup Language. ........................................................................................................................9
C.2. XML Is Picky. .............................................................................................................................................10
C.3. Two Key XML Terms. ................................................................................................................................12
C.4. Leftovers. .....................................................................................................................................................13
Appendix D. The Fifteen−Minute SQL Tutorial ...........................................................................................14
D.1. Creating /Deleting Databases and Tables ...................................................................................................15
D.2. Inserting Data into a Table. .........................................................................................................................16
D.3. Querying Information. ................................................................................................................................17
D.3.1. Retrieving All of the Rows in a Table. .......................................................................................18
D.3.2. Retrieving a Subset of the Rows in a Table. ...............................................................................18
D.3.3. Simple Manipulation of Data Returned by Queries. ...................................................................19
D.3.4. Adding the Query Results to Another Table. ..............................................................................20
D.4. Changing Table Information. ......................................................................................................................21
D.5. Relating Tables to Each Other. ...................................................................................................................22
D.6. SQL Stragglers. ...........................................................................................................................................23
D.6.1. Views. .........................................................................................................................................23
D.6.2. Cursors. .......................................................................................................................................24
D.6.3. Stored Procedures .......................................................................................................................24
Appendix E. The Twenty−Minute SNMP Tutorial .......................................................................................26
E.1. SNMP in Practice. .......................................................................................................................................31
Preface. ...............................................................................................................................................................37
0.1. How This Book Is Structured. ........................................................................................................37
0.2. Typographical Conventions. ...........................................................................................................38
0.3. How to Contact Us. .........................................................................................................................39
0.4. Acknowledgments.. .........................................................................................................................40
1.1. System Administration Is a Craf. ...................................................................................................43
1.2. How Perl Can Help. ........................................................................................................................43
1.3. This Book Will Show You How. ....................................................................................................43
1.4. What You Need.. .............................................................................................................................45
1.5. Locating and Installing Modules. ...................................................................................................46
1.5.1. Installing Modules on Unix. ...........................................................................................48
1.5.2. Installing Modules on Win32. ........................................................................................48
1.5.3. Installing Modules on MacOS. .......................................................................................49
1.6. It's Not Easy Being Omnipotent. ....................................................................................................49
1.6.1. Don't Do It. .....................................................................................................................50
1.6.2. Drop Your Privileges as Soon as Possible. .....................................................................50
1.6.3. Be Careful When Reading Data. .....................................................................................50
1.6.4. Be Careful When Writing Data. .....................................................................................51
1.6.5. Avoid Race Conditions. ..................................................................................................52
1.6.6. Enjoy. ..............................................................................................................................53
1.7. References for More Information. ..................................................................................................53
2.1. Perl to the Rescue.. ..........................................................................................................................54
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2.2. Filesystem Differences. ...................................................................................................................55
2.2.1. Unix. ...............................................................................................................................55
2.2.2. Microsoft Windows NT/2000. ........................................................................................56
2.2.3. MacOS. ...........................................................................................................................56
2.2.4. Filesystem Differences Summary. ..................................................................................56
2.2.5. Dealing with Filesystem Differences from Perl. ............................................................58
2.3. Walking or Traversing the Filesystem. ...........................................................................................58
2.4. Walking the Filesystem Using the File::Find Module. ...................................................................59
2.5. Manipulating Disk Quotas. .............................................................................................................59
2.5.1. Editing Quotas with edquota Trickery. ...........................................................................64
2.5.2. Editing Quotas Using the Quota Module. .......................................................................72
2.6. Querying Filesystem Usage. ...........................................................................................................73
2.7. Module Information for This Chapte. ............................................................................................77
2.8. References for More Information. ..................................................................................................78
3.1. Unix User Identity.. .........................................................................................................................80
3.1.1. The Classic Unix Password File. ....................................................................................80
3.1.2. Extra Fields in BSD 4.4 passwd Files. ............................................................................82
3.1.3. Binary Database Format in BSD 4.4. .............................................................................82
3.1.4. Shadow Passwords. .........................................................................................................83
3.2. Windows NT/2000 User Identity. ...................................................................................................87
3.2.1. NT/2000 User Identity Storage and Access. ...................................................................87
3.2.2. NT/2000 User ID Numbers. ............................................................................................88
3.2.3. NT/2000 Passwords. .......................................................................................................89
3.2.4. NT Groups. .....................................................................................................................89
3.2.5. NT/2000 User Rights. .....................................................................................................90
3.3.1. The Backend Database.. ..................................................................................................91
3.3.1.1. Writing XML from Perl. ..............................................................................................92
3.3.1.2. Reading XML using XML::Parser. .............................................................................94
3.3.1.3. Reading XML using XML::Simple. ............................................................................97
3.3.1.4. Writing XML using XML::Simple. .............................................................................98
3.3.2. The Low−Level Component Library. ...........................................................................100
3.3.2.1. Unix account creation and deletion routines.. ............................................................102
3.3.2.2. Windows NT/2000 account creation and deletion routines. ......................................105
3.3.3. The Process Scripts. ......................................................................................................107
3.3.4. Account System Wrap−Up. ..........................................................................................110
3.3. Building an Account System to Manage Users. ...........................................................................110
3.4. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................113
3.5. References for More Information. ................................................................................................116
3.5.1. Unix Password Files. ....................................................................................................120
3.5.2. NT User Administration. ..............................................................................................122
3.5.3. XML.. ............................................................................................................................122
3.5.4. Other. ............................................................................................................................122
4.1. MacOS Process Control. ...............................................................................................................123
4.2. NT/2000 Process Contro.. ............................................................................................................123
4.2.1. Using the Microsoft Resource Kit Binaries. .................................................................124
4.2.2. Using the Win32::IProc Module. ..................................................................................125
4.2.3. Using the Win32::Setupsup Module. ............................................................................125
4.2.4. Using Window Management Instrumentation (WMI.. ................................................127
4.3. Unix Process Control. ...................................................................................................................127
4.3.1. Calling an External Program.. .......................................................................................128
4.3.2. Examining the Kernel Process Structures. ....................................................................131
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4.3.3. Using the /proc Filesystem. ..........................................................................................135
4.3.4. Using the Proc::ProcessTable Module. .........................................................................140
4.4. Tracking File and Network Operations.. .......................................................................................141
4.4.1. Tracking Operations on Windows NT/2000. ................................................................141
4.4.2. Tracking Operations in Unix. .......................................................................................142
4.5. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................142
4.5.1. Installing Win32::IProc.. ...............................................................................................146
4.5.2. Installing Win32::Setupsup. ..........................................................................................146
4.6. References for More Information. ................................................................................................149
5.1. Host Files. .....................................................................................................................................153
5.1.1. Generating Host Files. ..................................................................................................154
5.1.2. Error Checking the Host File Generation Process. .......................................................154
5.1.3. Improving the Host File Outpu. ...................................................................................155
5.1.4. Incorporating a Source Code Control System. .............................................................157
5.2.1. NIS+. .............................................................................................................................157
5.2.2. Windows Internet Name Server ( WINS). ....................................................................159
5.2. NIS, NIS+, and WINS. .................................................................................................................161
5.3. Domain Name Service (DNS). .....................................................................................................162
5.3.1. Generating DNS Configuration Files. ..........................................................................165
5.3.1.1. Creating the administrative header. ...........................................................................168
5.3.1.2. Generating multiple configuration files. ....................................................................170
5.3.2. DNS Checking: An Iterative Approach. .......................................................................171
5.3.2.1. Using nslookup. .........................................................................................................171
5.3.2.2. Working with raw network sockets. ..........................................................................172
5.3.2.3. Using Net::DNS. ........................................................................................................173
5.4. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................175
5.5. References for More Information. ................................................................................................180
6.1. What's a Directory?. ......................................................................................................................181
6.2. Finger: A Simple Directory Service .............................................................................................182
6.3. The WHOIS Directory Service. ....................................................................................................186
6.4. LDAP: A Sophisticated Directory Service. ..................................................................................188
6.4.1. LDAP Programming with Perl .....................................................................................188
6.4.2. The Initial LDAP Connection. ......................................................................................190
6.4.3. Performing LDAP Searches. .........................................................................................190
6.4.4. Entry Representation in Perl. ........................................................................................191
6.4.5. Adding Entries with LDIF. ...........................................................................................194
6.4.6. Adding Entries with Standard LDAP Operations. ........................................................196
6.4.7. Deleting Entries. ...........................................................................................................197
6.4.8. Modifying Entry Names. ..............................................................................................198
6.4.9. Modifying Entry Attributes. .........................................................................................199
6.4.10. Putting It All Together. ...............................................................................................203
6.5. ADSI (Active Directory Service Interfaces). ................................................................................205
6.5.1. ADSI Basics.. ................................................................................................................208
6.5.2. Using ADSI from Perl. .................................................................................................209
6.5.3. Dealing with Container/Collection Objects. .................................................................210
6.5.4. Identifying a Container Object .....................................................................................210
6.5.5. So How Do You Know Anything About an Object?. ...................................................213
6.5.6. Searching. .....................................................................................................................218
6.5.8. Working with Users via ADSI. .....................................................................................220
6.5.9. Working with Groups via ADSI. ..................................................................................222
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6.5.10. Working with File Shares via ADSI. ..........................................................................222
6.5.11. Working with Print Queues and Print Jobs via ADSI. ...............................................223
6.5.12. Working with NT/2000 Services via ADSI. ...............................................................225
6.6. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................227
6.7. References for More Information. ................................................................................................228
6.7.1. Finger. ...........................................................................................................................229
6.7.2. WHOIS. ........................................................................................................................230
6.7.3. LDAP. ...........................................................................................................................230
6.7.4. ADSI. ............................................................................................................................232
7.2.1. DBI Leftovers. ..............................................................................................................233
7.1. Interacting with an SQL Server from Perl. ...................................................................................234
7.2. Using the DBI Framework. ...........................................................................................................234
7.3. Using the ODBC Framework.. ......................................................................................................234
7.4. Server Documentation. .................................................................................................................234
7.4.1. MySQL Server via DBI. ...............................................................................................235
7.4.2. Sybase Server via DBI. .................................................................................................237
7.4.3. MS−SQL Server via ODBC .........................................................................................238
7.5. Database Logins. ...........................................................................................................................240
7.6. Monitoring Server Health. ............................................................................................................244
7.6.1. Space Monitoring.. ........................................................................................................245
7.6.2. Monitoring the CPU Health of a SQL Server. ..............................................................248
7.7. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................249
7.8. References for More Information. ................................................................................................250
7.8.1. SQL. ..............................................................................................................................251
7.8.2. DB. ...............................................................................................................................253
7.8.3. ODBC. ..........................................................................................................................255
7.8.4. Other Topics. ................................................................................................................255
8.1.1. Getting sendmail (or Similar Mail Transport Agent). ..................................................258
8.1.2. Using the OS−Specific IPC Framework. .....................................................................261
8.1.3. Speaking to the Mail Protocols Directly. ......................................................................261
8.1. Sending Mail. ................................................................................................................................261
8.2. Common Mistakes in Sending Email. ..........................................................................................261
8.2.1. Overzealous Message Sending. ....................................................................................262
8.2.1.1. Controlling the frequency of mai.. ............................................................................262
8.2.1.2. Controlling the amount of mai.. ................................................................................263
8.2.2. Subject Line Waste. ......................................................................................................263
8.2.3. Insufficient Information in the Message Body. ............................................................264
8.3. Receiving Mai. .............................................................................................................................264
8.3.1. Dissecting a Single Message.. .......................................................................................266
8.3.2. Dissecting a Whole Mailbox.. .......................................................................................268
8.3.3. Tracking Down Spam. ..................................................................................................269
8.3.3.1. Checking against a local blacklis.. ............................................................................269
8.3.3.2. Checking against Internet−wide blacklists. ...............................................................271
8.3.4. Support Mail Augmentation. ........................................................................................277
8.4. Module Information for This Chapte. ..........................................................................................277
8.5. References for More Information. ................................................................................................279
9.1. Text Logs. .....................................................................................................................................279
9.2. Binary Log Files. ..........................................................................................................................280
9.2.1. Using unpack( ). ............................................................................................................281
9.2.2. Calling an OS (or Someone Else's) Binary. ..................................................................284
9.2.3. Using the OS's Logging AP.. .......................................................................................287
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