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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
GRAMMAR
MODAL VERBS (3) AND REVISION
Possibility/Probability
We use
must, might, can't, could
to express how
possible
or
probable
something is:
Where is John? He might be in his office. (It's possible)
Hermann isn't at school today. He must be ill. (It's probable)
He can't be at work. His car is still at home. (It's not probable)
What is that strange noise? It
could be
the washing machine. (It's possible)
What is that strange smell? Hermann
is cooking
something. (It's certain)
POSSIBILITY PROBABILITY CERTAINTY
might be possible (about 50%)
may be
could be
must be
can't be
to be
certain (100%)
The past forms of these modal verbs are:
Might have + past participle He might have been ill.
May have + past participle She may have eaten the soup.
Could have + past participle It could have been John.
Must have + past participle If he wasn't at work, he must have been ill.
Can't have + past participle He can't have robbed the bank. He was at home!
To be
(past form) It wasn't John. He was at home.
Practice 1
Rewrite the second sentences to have a similar meaning using a modal verb (have to,
must, can, could, can’t, may, should). You must decide if the meaning is
possibility
,
obligation
,
advice
or
probability:
A)
I'm not sure where he is. He sometimes goes to the pet shop.
He .................................................................................... be in the pet shop.
B)
What are those white pieces? I don't believe it is snowing in August!
What are those white pieces? It ......................................... be snowing in August!
C)
Students are reminded that they are to wear pink shorts at all times.
Students ....................................................................... wear pink shorts at all times.
D)
Trying to use that dangerous cutting machine when you are drunk is a bad idea.
You .............................................. use that cutting machine when you are drunk.
E)
Nobody else has my special talent for eating so many cakes.
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
I ........................................................... eat more cakes than anyone else.
F)
I don't have any problem with you marrying her.
You .................................................................... marry her if you like.
G)
After you pay
once at the ticket office, everything else is free.
You ...................................................... pay for anything after the ticket office.
PRACTICE 2
ow rewrite the first sentence, but using a past form:
1)
PRESENT: I have to wear pink shorts at school; I have no choice!
PAST: I ........................................... wear pink shorts when I was at school
2) PRESENT: I can swim 250 metres in 1 minute (if a shark is chasing me)
PAST: I ............................... swim 250m in 1 minute when a shark chased me.
3) PRESENT: What is it? It might be a kind of alien coffeemaking machine.
PAST: Nobody knew what it was. It .......................................... a kind of alien coffee
making machine.
4) PRESENT: I don't really know where he is. He could be in the bathroom.
PAST: I didn't really know where he was. He ..................................... in
the bathroom
5) PRESENT: You should take a warm coat if you travel to the planet Pluto.
PAST: He .............................................. a warm coat, but he didn't and he froze to
death in 0.02 seconds.
6)
PRESENT: If he's not here, he must be at work.
PAST: He wasn't there, so I thought he ..................................................... at work.
7)
PRESENT: I don't believe that he read the book so quickly.
PAST: He ......................................................... read the book so quickly.
Revision: Reported speech
Rewrite these reported sentences in direct speech. What was originally said?
1)
Jimmy told the policeman that their cat had been eaten the previous day.
.....................................................................................................................
2)
The headmaster said that the boys can pass the exam if they study.
.....................................................................................................................
3)
I said that I had posted the letter two days previously.
.....................................................................................................................
4)
They said they had been thinking about the decision for a long time.
.....................................................................................................................
5)
He says that he can fly like Superman.
...........................................................................................................
2
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
VOCABULARY
THE SENSES
Practice 1
Match the verbs to a part of the body:
VERBS PART OF THE BODY
sniff ears
hear mouth
listen nose
touch skin/fingers
stare eyes
smell
taste
sneeze
feel
look
watch
see
UWAGA
Some sense verbs are very similar, but there are important differences. Look at the
examples:
1) I can SMELL something nice. Are you cooking?
My dog SNIFFED the flower.
2)
I can HEAR something strange. What is that noise?
I've written a new song. LISTEN to this ...
3)
I FELT something strange on my arm. It was a spider!
This material is very soft. Here, TOUCH it.
4)
I SAW a good film on TV last night.
I don't WATCH TV.
If you see someone with a strange face, you mustn't STARE. It's rude.
LOOK at that! It's a dog with five legs!
Practice 2
1)
This soup ...................... strange. Did you put too much salt in it?
2)
What is that horrible ......................? Are you wearing a new perfume?
3)
Have you ever ....................... a snake? They are dry and cold.
4)
Some pepper went into my nose and I ............................
5)
Dogs can .................... things which people cannot. They have sensitive ears.
6)
I ...................... cold. Where is my jumper?
7)
When I saw a man walking with no clothes on, I ............................. at him.
8)
Have you ever ................ that film with Al Pacino?
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Practice 3
Choose
LOOK, SEE
or
WATCH
to complete these sentences:
1)
I ................... a car accident today.
2)
I'm going to .................... my friend playing football on Sunday.
3)
There was a drunk man at the bus stop, but I didn't ....................... at him.
4)
................ at that: a fish as big as a car!
5)
I ...................... a good play at the theatre last night.
6)
I was ............................ TV when the earthquake happened.
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Vocabulary from the unit:
alien obcy
chase gonić
obligation – obowiązek
probability prawdopodobieństwo
shark rekin
smell – wyczuć (węch)
sneeze kichać
sniff – posiągnąć nosem
LESSO 55 – answer key
GRAMMAR
Practice 1
A.
I'm not sure where he is. He sometimes goes to the pet shop.
He
might/may
be in the pet shop.
B.
What are those white pieces? I don't believe it is snowing in August!
What are those white pieces? It
can’t
be snowing in August!
C.
Students are reminded that they are to wear pink shorts at all times.
Students
have to/must
wear pink shorts at all times.
D.
Trying to use that dangerous cutting machine when you are drunk is a bad idea.
You
shouldn’t
use that cutting machine when you are drunk.
E.
Nobody else has my special talent for eating so many cakes.
I
can
eat more cakes than anyone else.
F.
I don't have any problem with you marrying her.
You
can/may
marry her if you like.
G.
After you pay once at the ticket office, everything else is free.
You
don’t have to
pay for anything after the ticket office.
PRACTICE 2
1.
PRESENT: I have to wear pink shorts at school; I have no choice!
PAST: I
had to
wear pink shorts when I was at school
2.
PRESENT: I can swim 250 metres in 1 minute (if a shark is chasing me)
PAST: I
was able to
swim 250m in 1 minute when a shark chased me.
3.
PRESENT: What is it? It might be a kind of alien coffeemaking machine.
PAST: Nobody knew what it was. It
could have been
a kind of
alien coffeemaking machine.
4.
PRESENT: I don't really know where he is. He could be in the bathroom.
PAST: I didn't really know where he was. He
could have been
in the bathroom
5.
PRESENT: You should take a warm coat if you travel to the planet Pluto.
PAST: He
should have taken
a warm coat, but he didn't and he froze to death in 0.02
seconds.
6.
PRESENT: If he's not here, he must be at work.
PAST: He wasn't there, so I thought he
must have been
at work.
7.
PRESENT: I don't believe that he read the book so quickly.
PAST: He
can’t have
read the book so quickly.
5
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