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ASTRONOMY
ENCYCLOPEDIA
ENCYCLOPEDIA
F
OREWORD BY
L
EIF
J. R
OBINSON
Editor Emeritus,
Sky & Telescope
magazine
S
TA R
M
APS CREATED BY
W
IL
T
IRION
GENERAL EDITOR SIR PATRICK MOORE
ASTRONOMY
HOW TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
P
HILIP
’
S
A
STRONOMY
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
First published in Great Britain in 1987 by Mitchell Beazley
under the title The Astronomy Encyclopedia (General Editor
Patrick Moore)
Alphabetical order
‘Mc’ is treated as if it were spelled ‘Mac’, and certain shortened forms as if spelled
out in full (e.g. ‘St’ is treated as ‘Saint’). Entries that have more than one word in the
heading are alphabetized as if there were no space between the words. Entries that
share the same main heading are in the order of people, places and things. Entries
beginning with numerals are treated as if the numerals were spelled out (e.g.
3C
follows
three-body problem
and precedes
3C 273
). An exception is made for
HI
region
and
HII region
, which appear together immediately after
Hirayama family
.
Biographies are alphabetized by surname, with first names following the comma.
(Forenames are placed in parentheses if the one by which a person is commonly
known is not the first.) Certain lunar and planetary features appear under the main
element of names (e.g.
Imbrium, Mare
rather than Mare Imbrium).
This fully revised and expanded edition first published in 2002 by
Philip’s, an imprint of Octopus Publishing Group
2–4 Heron Quays
London E14 4JP
Copyright © 2002 Philip’s
ISBN 0–540–07863–8
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose
of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under
the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical,
chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without prior written permission. All enquiries should
be addressed to the Publisher.
Cross-references
SMALL CAPITALS
in an article indicate a separate entry that defines and explains the
word or subject capitalized. ‘
See also
’ at the end of an article directs the reader to
entries that contain additional relevant information.
Measurements
Measurements are given in metric (usually SI) units, with an imperial conversion (to
an appropriate accuracy) following in parentheses where appropriate. In historical
contexts this convention is reversed so that, for example, the diameter of an early tele-
scope is given first in inches. Densities, given in grams per cubic centimetre, are not
converted, and neither are kilograms or tonnes. Large astronomical distances are usu-
ally given in light-years, but parsecs are sometimes used in a cosmological context.
Particularly in tables, large numbers may be given in exponential form. Thus 10
3
is a
thousand, 2
10
6
is two million, and so on. ‘Billion’ always means a thousand million,
or 10
9
. As is customary in astronomy, dates are expressed in the order year, month,
day. Details of units of measurement, conversion factors and the principal abbrevia-
tions used in the book will be found in the tables on this page.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in Spain
Details of other Philip’s titles and services can be found on our
website at www.philips-maps.co.uk
Managing Editor
Caroline Rayner
Technical Project Editor
John Woodruff
Commissioning Editor
Frances Adlington
Consultant Editor
Neil Bone
Executive Art Editor
Mike Brown
Designer
Alison Todd
Picture Researcher
Cathy Lowne
Production Controller
Sally Banner
Stellar data
In almost all cases, data for stars are taken from the
HIPPARCOS CATALOGUE
. The very
few exceptions are for instances where the catalogue contains an error of which the
editors have been aware. In tables of constellations and elsewhere, the combined mag-
nitude is given for double stars, and the average magnitude for variable stars.
THE GREEK ALPHABET
αΑ
alpha
eta
θΘ
nu
ξΞ
tau
υΥ
βΒ
beta
theta
xi
οΟ
upsilon
φΦ
γΓ
gamma
iota
κΚ
omicron
πΠ
phi
χΧ
Star Maps
pages 447–55
δ∆
delta
kappa
λΛ
pi
chi
ψΨ
εΕ
epsilon
lambda
µΜ
ρΡ
rho
psi
ωΩ
Acknowledgements
page 456
ζΖ
zeta
mu
σΣ
sigma
omega
MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES
USED WITH SI UNITS
F
RONTMATTER IMAGES
Endpapers:
Andromeda Galaxy
The largest member of the Local Group, this galaxy is the farthest
object that can be seen with the naked eye.
Half-title:
Crab Nebula
This nebula is a remnant of a supernova that exploded in the constellation
of Taurus in 1054.
Opposite title:
M83
Blue young stars and red HII emission nebulae clearly mark out regions of star
formation in this face-on spiral galaxy in Hydra.
Opposite Foreword:
NGC 4945
This classic disk galaxy is at a distance of 13 million l.y. Its stars
are mainly confined to a flat, thin, circular region surrounding the nucleus.
Opposite page 1:
Earth
This photograph was obtained by the Apollo 17 crew en route to the
Moon in 1972 December.
Multiple Prefix Symbol Submultiple Prefix Symbol
10
3
kilo-
k
10
3
milli-
m
10
6
mega- M
10
6
micro- m
10
9
giga-
G
10
9
nano-
n
10
12
tera-
T
10
12
pico-
p
10
15
peta-
P
10
15
femto- f
10
18
exa-
E
10
18
atto-
a
SYMBOLS FOR UNITS, CONSTANTS AND QUANTITIES
CONVERSION FACTORS
a
semimajor axis
L
luminosity
L
n
Lagrangian points
(
n
= 1 to 5)
l.y. light-year
m metre, minute
m
apparent magnitude, mass
m
bol
bolometric magnitude
m
pg
photographic magnitude
m
pv
photovisual magnitude
m
v
t
time
T
temperature (absolute), epoch
(time of perihelion passage)
T
eff
effective temperature
v
Distances
1 nm = 10 Å
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 mm = 0.03937 inch
1ft = 0.3048 m
1 m = 39.37 inches = 3.2808 ft
1 mile = 1.6093 km
1 km = 0.6214 mile
1 km/s = 2237 mile/h
1 pc = 3.0857
Å
angstrom unit
AU
astronomical unit
c
speed of light
d
distance
velocity
e
eccentricity
W
watt
E
energy
y
year
eV
electron-volt
z
redshift
f
following
α
constant of aberration,
right ascension
F
focal length, force
visual magnitude
×
10
13
km = 3.2616 l.y. = 206,265 AU
g
acceleration due to gravity
M
absolute magnitude,
mass (stellar)
δ
declination
10
12
km = 0.3066 pc = 63,240 AU
Temperatures (to the nearest degree)
°C to °F :
×
G
gauss
λ
wavelength
G
gravitational constant
N
newton
µ
proper motion
1.8,
32
h
hour
p
preceding
ν
frequency
°C to K :
273
h
Planck constant
P
orbital period
π
parallax
°F to °C :
32,
1.8
H
o
Hubble constant
pc
parsec
ω
longitude of perihelion
°F to K :
1.8,
255
Hz
hertz
q
perihelion distance
Ω
observed/critical density
ratio, longitude of ascending
node
K to °C :
273
i
inclination
q
o
deceleration parameter
K to °F :
1.8,
460
IC
Index Catalogue
Q
aphelion distance
Note: To convert temperature
differences
, rather than points on the
temperature scale, ignore the additive or subtractive figure and just
multiply or divide.
Jy
jansky
r
radius, distance
°
degree
k
Boltzmann constant
R
Roche limit
arcminute
K
degrees kelvin
s
second
arcsecond
ηΗ
νΝ
τΤ
ιΙ
1 l.y. = 9.4607
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