2 BRYDSON, J. A. (1999). Plastics Materials (7th ed.).pdf
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PLASTICS
MATERIALS
SEVENTH EDITION
J.
A.
Brydson
Former Head
of
the Department
of
Physical Sciences
and Technology,
Polytechnic
of
North London
(now
known
as the University
of
North London)
f
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
EINEMANN
Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Wobum, MA 01801-2041
A
division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A
member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published by Iliffe Books Ltd 1966
Second edition 1969
Reprinted 1970
Third edition 1975
Reprinted with revisions 1977
Reprinted 1979
Fourth edition published by Butterworth-Heinemann 1982
Reprinted 1985
Fifth edition 1989
Reprinted 1991, 1993
Sixth edition 1995
Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1998
Seventh edition 1999
0
J. A. Brydson 1995, 1999
All
rights reserved. No part
of
this publication
may
be
reproduced in any material form (including
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or
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means and whether or not transiently or incidentally
to some other use of this publication) without the
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of
the Copyright
Designs and Patents Act 1988
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licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
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Tottenham Court Road, London, England WlP 9HE.
Applications
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to reproduce any part
of
this publication should be addressed
to the publisher
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Brydson, J. A. (John Andrew), 1932-
Plastics materials.
-
7th ed.
1. Plastics
I. Title
668.4
ISBN
0 7506 4132 0
Library
of
Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Brydson,
J.
A.
Plastics materia1slJ.A. Brydson.
-
7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 7506 4132
0
(hbk.)
1. Plastics.
I. Title.
TP1120 B7
99-30623
668.4-dc21
CIP
Composition by Genesis Typesetting, Laser Quay, Rochester, Kent
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Lt4 Guildford and King’s Lynn
Contents
Preface to the Seventh Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements for the Seventh Edition
Abbreviations for Plastics and Rubbers
xvii
xix
xxi
xxiii
1
The Historical Development of Plastics Materials
1.1 Natural Plastics
1.2 Parkesine and Celluloid
1
1
3
4
6
7
9
11
15
1.4
1.5 Developments since 1939
1.6 Raw Materials for Plastics
1.7 The Market for Plastics
1.8 The Future for Plastics
2 The Chemical Nature of Plastics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Behaviour
2.3 Further Consideration of Addition Polymerisation
2.3.1
2.3.2 Ionic polymerisation
2.3.3 Ziegler-Natta and metallocene polymerisation
Elementary kinetics of free-radical addition polymerisation
19
19
23
24
29
33
37
39
2.4 Condensation Polymerisation
3 States of Aggregation in Polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linear Amorphous Polymers
3.2.1
3.3 Crystalline Polymers
3.3.1 Orientation and crystallisation
3.3.2 Liquid crystal polymers
Orientation
in
linear amorphous polymers
43
43
43
47
49
52
53
53
55
57
3.4 Cross-linked Structures
3.5 Polyblends
3.6 Summary
V
1.3 1900-1930
The Evolution of the Vinyl Plastics
vi
Contents
4
Relation of Structure to Thermal and Mechanical Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition Temperature
4.3 Factors Affecting the Ability to Crystallise
4.4 Factors Affecting the Crystalline Melting Point
4.5 Some Individual Properties
4.5.1 Melt viscosity
4.5.2 Yield strength and modulus
4.5.3 Density
4.5.4 Impact strength
59
59
59
64
70
73
73
74
74
74
5
Relation of Structure to Chemical Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Bonds
5.3 Polymer Solubility
5.3.1 Plasticisers
5.3.2 Extenders
5.3.3 Determination
of
solubility parameter
5.3.4 Thermodynamics and solubility
76
76
76
80
87
89
89
93
95
96
99
100
103
104
5.4 Chemical Reactivity
5.5
5.6 Aging and Weathering
5.7 Diffusion and Permeability
5.8 Toxicity
5.9 Fire and Plastics
6
Relation of Structure to Electrical and Optical Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2
6.3
6.4 Electronic Applications of Polymers
6.5 Electrically Conductive Polymers
6.6 Optical Properties
Appendix-Electrical Testing
110
110
110
117
119
120
120
122
7 Additives for Plastics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fillers
7.2.1 Coupling agents
7.3 Plasticisers and Softeners
7.4 Lubricants and Flow Promoters
7.5 Anti-aging Additives
7.5.1 Antioxidants
7.5.2 Antiozonants
7.5.3 Stabilisers against dehydrochlorination
7.5.4 Ultraviolet absorbers and related materials
7.6 Flame Retarders
7.7 Colorants
7.8 Blowing Agents
7.9 Cross-linking Agents
7.10 Photodegradants
7.11 2-Oxazolines
124
124
126
128
131
132
134
134
143
143
143
145
149
150
153
154
155
Effects
of
Thermal, Photochemical and High-energy Radiation
Dielectric Constant, Power Factor and Structure
Some Quantitative Relationships of Dielectrics
Contents
vii
8 Principles of the Processing of Plastics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Melt Processing of Thermoplastics
8.2.1 Hygroscopic behaviour
8.2.2 Granule characteristics
8.2.3
8.2.4 Thermal stability
8.2.5 Flow properties
8.2.5.1 Terminology
8.2.5.2 Effect of environmental and molecular factors
on viscous flow properties
8.2.5.3 Flow in
an
injection mould
8.2.5.4 Elastic effects in polymer melts
8.2.6 Thermal properties affecting cooling
8.2.7 Crystallisation
8.2.8 Orientation and shrinkage
Melt Processing of Thermosetting Plastics
Processing in the Rubbery State
Solution, Suspension and Casting Processes
158
158
159
159
159
161
163
163
164
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6 Summary
167
170
171
174
17.5
175
176
179
181
182
9 Principles of Product Design
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rigidity of Plastics Materials
9.2.1 The assessment of maximum service temperature
9.2.1.1 Assessment of thermal stability
9.2.1.2 Assessment of softening point
184
184
184
186
186
188
190
192
195
196
198
200
20
1
202
204
9.3 Toughness
9.3.1
9.4 Stress-Strain-Time Behaviour
9.4.1 The WLF equations
9.4.2 Creep curves
9.4.3
9.5 Recovery from Deformation
9.6 Distortion, Voids and Frozen-in Stress
9.7 Conclusions
Practical assessment
of
long-term behaviour
10 Polyethylene
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation of Monomer
10.3 Polymerisation
10.3.1 High-pressure polymerisation
10.3.2 Ziegler processes
10.3.3 The Phillips process
10.3.4 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) process
10.3.5 Processes for making linear low-density polyethylene and
metallocene polyethylene
Structure and Properties of Polyethylene
205
205
207
208
208
209
210
211
10.4
10.5 Properties of Polyethylene
21
1
212
217
217
221
223
226
227
227
10.5.1 Mechanical properties
10.5.2 Thermal properties
10.5.3 Chemical properties
10.5.4 Electrical properties
10.5.5
10.5.6 Properties of metallocene-catalysed polyethylenes
Properties of LLDPE and VLDPE
Thermal properties influencing polymer melting
The assessment of impact strength
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