British Literature & American Literature - 213p.pdf

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British Literature & American Literature
 
 
 
 
 
 
British Literature 
& 
American Literature 
 
 
 
BY LEILA BORGES
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SUMMARY 
THE OLD ENGLISH MAP..............................................................................................................................6 
USEFUL INFORMATION TO STUDY LITERATURE ........................................................................................8 
Taking Notes ..........................................................................................................................................8 
Essay Planning......................................................................................................................................10 
Case against censorship.......................................................................................................................11 
Case for censorship..............................................................................................................................11 
How to Summarize...............................................................................................................................11 
Some extra tips ....................................................................................................................................13 
Qualities of a character........................................................................................................................14 
Author’s tone .......................................................................................................................................15 
ANALYSING FICTION / LITERARY TERMS..................................................................................................17 
WHAT IS LITERATURE? .............................................................................................................................18 
Literary dictionary................................................................................................................................18 
Forms of literature ...............................................................................................................................18 
Poetry...............................................................................................................................................18 
Drama...............................................................................................................................................19 
Essays ...............................................................................................................................................19 
Prose fiction .....................................................................................................................................20 
Other prose literature......................................................................................................................20 
Genres of literature .............................................................................................................................21 
Literary genre...................................................................................................................................21 
Subgenres ........................................................................................................................................21 
Important terms for poetry .................................................................................................................22 
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .......................................................................................29 
History and Structure of the English Language ...................................................................................31 
General Considerations ...................................................................................................................31 
Origins and Basic Characteristics .....................................................................................................33 
Characteristics of Modern English ...................................................................................................34 
Phonology ....................................................................................................................................34 
Historical Background ..................................................................................................................35 
Vocabulary ...................................................................................................................................35 
Old English .......................................................................................................................................37 
Middle English..................................................................................................................................38 
The history of England from the Norman invasion encapsulates all the major trends of the times. .40 
The Norman Kings............................................................................................................................40 
Henry II.............................................................................................................................................41 
Magna Carta.....................................................................................................................................41 
Edward I ...........................................................................................................................................42 
The 1300’s ........................................................................................................................................43 
The Lancasters .................................................................................................................................45 
The Wars of the Roses .....................................................................................................................46 
LITERARY PERIODS OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE ‐ SUMMARY............................................47 
Periods of British Literature.................................................................................................................47 
Literary Periods of American Literature ..............................................................................................50 
INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH LITERATURE ................................................................................................52 
Anglo Saxon‐literature .........................................................................................................................52 
Poetry...............................................................................................................................................52 
Prose ................................................................................................................................................53 
Beowulf ............................................................................................................................................54 
I 
Old English Poetry........................................................................................................................55 
Plot Overview...............................................................................................................................55 
Characters ....................................................................................................................................56 
Who wrote Beowulf? ...................................................................................................................58 
The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial ..........................................................................................................59 
Politics and Warfare.....................................................................................................................59 
Christian Colouring in Beowulf ....................................................................................................61 
Middle English Literature.....................................................................................................................62 
Geoffrey Chaucer .............................................................................................................................65 
John Gower ..................................................................................................................................68 
The vision concerning piers the plowman. ..................................................................................68 
The Wiclifite Bible ........................................................................................................................69 
Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ..............................................................................................74 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales .............................................................................................................75 
Chaucer's Linguistic..........................................................................................................................76 
Literary .........................................................................................................................................76 
Chaucer's English .............................................................................................................................76 
The general prologue.......................................................................................................................77 
The Wife of Bath's Tale ........................................................................................................................93 
The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe (with the translation) ......................................................93 
Comments......................................................................................................................................113 
The wife of Bath’s Prologue.......................................................................................................114 
The Wife of Bath’s tale...............................................................................................................114 
Theme ........................................................................................................................................115 
The English Literature as a part of General Medieval European Literature..............................116 
Literature in the three languages. .............................................................................................116 
Religious Literature ....................................................................................................................117 
Secular Literature.......................................................................................................................117 
The Romances................................................................................................................................118 
Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. .............................................................................................120 
The End of The Middle Ages. About 1350 to about 1500 .................................................................121 
The first fifty years. Political and social conditions. ......................................................................121 
'Mandeville's Voyage' ........................................................................................................................122 
The Fifteenth Century. .......................................................................................................................122 
The 'popular' ballads......................................................................................................................122 
Sir Thomas Malory and his 'Morte Darthur.' .................................................................................123 
William Caxton and the introduction of printing to England, 1476 ..............................................124 
The Medieval Drama......................................................................................................................125 
The Sixteenth Century. The Renaissance and the Reign of Elizabeth ...............................................128 
The Renaissance.............................................................................................................................128 
The Reformation ............................................................................................................................130 
Sir Thomas More and his 'Utopia'..................................................................................................131 
The English Bible and Books of Devotion. .....................................................................................131 
Wyatt and Surrey and the new poetry. .........................................................................................132 
The Elizabethan Period ......................................................................................................................133 
Prose fiction ...................................................................................................................................134 
Edmund Spenser, 1552‐1599.........................................................................................................135 
Elizabethan lyric poetry .................................................................................................................138 
The sonnets....................................................................................................................................139 
John Donne and the beginning of the 'metaphysical' poetry........................................................139 
II
The influence of classical comedy and tragedy .............................................................................140 
The chronicle‐history play .............................................................................................................140 
John Lyly.........................................................................................................................................141 
Peele, Greene, And Kyd .................................................................................................................141 
Christopher Marlowe, 1564‐1593 .................................................................................................141 
Theatrical conditions and the theater buildings............................................................................143 
An Elizabethan stage......................................................................................................................143 
Shakespeare, 1564‐1616 ...............................................................................................................144 
National life from 1603 to 1660 ....................................................................................................147 
Ben Jonson .....................................................................................................................................147 
The other dramatists .....................................................................................................................149 
The Seventeenth Century, 1603‐1660. Prose And Poetry.................................................................152 
Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, 1561‐1626. ...........................................................................152 
The King James Bible, 1611............................................................................................................154 
Minor prose writers .......................................................................................................................154 
Lyric poetry ....................................................................................................................................154 
John Milton, 1608‐1674.................................................................................................................157 
John Bunyan...................................................................................................................................159 
The Tudors and the Elizabethan Age .............................................................................................160 
The Jacobean Era, Cromwell, and the Restoration........................................................................161 
The sixteenth‐century........................................................................................................................162 
The early seventeenth century ......................................................................................................163 
Elisabeth I...........................................................................................................................................165 
The great Elizabethan Age of Exploration .....................................................................................166 
The Elizabethan Theatre ................................................................................................................167 
William Shakespeare life and work....................................................................................................168 
Shakespeare Chronological listing of plays....................................................................................169 
Shakespearean Theater .................................................................................................................169 
Literary Terms to help reading Shakespeare .................................................................................170 
AMERICAN LITERATURE .........................................................................................................................173 
American Literary Time Periods.........................................................................................................173 
Overview of American History and Literature...................................................................................175 
The Pilgrims....................................................................................................................................175 
The mayflower compact ................................................................................................................176 
Thanksgiving and the indians.........................................................................................................177 
The Puritans ...................................................................................................................................177 
Salem witchcraft ........................................................................................................................178 
The revealed word, antinomianism, individualism ...................................................................179 
Caveat‐a‐note on the jeremiad..................................................................................................180 
Pioneers to Puritans...................................................................................................................181 
Enlightenment to Autonomy .........................................................................................................182 
Literature After the Revolution .....................................................................................................182 
History of American Literature / Colonial Period ..............................................................................184 
Early Colonial Literature. 1607‐1700 .............................................................................................184 
I. The English in Virginia: Captain John Smith, William Strachey, George Sandys.....................184 
"Leah and Rachel.".....................................................................................................................187 
Indian and Early American Literature ........................................................................................188 
American Literary aspects: ............................................................................................................188 
Early American and Colonial Period to 1776 .............................................................................188 
The literature of exploration .....................................................................................................190 
III

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