Arabic Grammar Rules.pdf

A Hundred and One Rules !

A Short Reference for Arabic Syntactic, Morphological &

Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate Levels of Proﬁciency

Mohammed Jiyad

Spring 2006

CONTENTS

Pa g e

Sub j ect

Introduction

The Arabic Alphabet

The Arabic Consonants Diagram

One Direction Connectors, Emphatic Consonants, Short Vowels in Arabic

Nunation, The Shadda, The Sun Letters

The Moon Letters, Arabic Syntax, The Deﬁnite Article, Arabic

Morphology

The Feminine Marker, The Personal pronouns

Countries, towns, villages, Deﬁniteness in Arabic, The Nisba

Long vowel to a Diphthong, The Possessive pronouns, Sentences in

Arabic

The Vocative Particle, The Idaafa, The Simple Idaafa

The Diptotes, Demonstrative Pronouns, The Equational

ﺮ

ﺃ

ﺔ

Sentence

Interrogative Particles, Indeﬁnite Noun Subject, Negating Equational

Sentences

ﺲ

Interrogative Particles, The Idaafa (revisited)

The Subject markers, The Different Forms of

Verb-Subject Agreement, Transitive Verbs, Helping Vowels

Object Pronouns, The word ﺎ , The Cluster Buster

ﺎ

ﻙ

Negation of Past Tense Verbs,

The conjunction ( ﻭ ) , Deﬁniteness (Revisited), Emphasis/Contrast

ﻢ

ﺍ

The Defacto Case of the Noun and Adjective,

Numbers, Plurals

ﺔ

Numbers (Revisited),

Verb Object Pronouns, Object Pronouns of Prepositions

Prepositions, Feminine Sound Plurals, The Roots, The Verb Form

Numbers

The Phonological Environment for Form VIII Verb, Non-human Plurals

ﻦ

, The Singular Subject and its mood

Multiples of 10, The Conjunction

markers

The Present Tense of the Arabic verb, The Moods

Vowels of the Present Tense Verb

ﯽ

, Negation of Present and Future Tense Verbs, The Sick Verbs

, The Plural Vocatives, Masculine Sound Plural (Revisited)

Negation of the Future Tense (Revisited), Verbs with Two Objects, The Semi-

Diptotes

ﻥ

ﻝ

& her Sisters, The Apposition

, The Moody Present Tense

32.

The Subjunctive Mood

ﺎ

(Revisited), The Nominalizer

& her Sisters

Adjectives (Revisited)

ﻥ

& her Sisters (Revisited)

Phony/Fake Idaafa, The Perfect Particle ﺪ , The Verbal Noun

ﺭ

Forms of the Verbal Nouns

ﻞ

ﺮ

The Relative Pronouns

ﺎ

ﻖ

ﻝ

(Revisited), The Cognate Accusative

ﺪ

ﺮ

The Dropping of the

The noun

, The Emphasis

Shadda of

and her sisters

The Imperative Mood,

The preposition

ﺬ

ﻝ

, The Apposition

( Revisted), Verbs of

Beginning,

The Active Participle

Derivation of the Active Participle, The nouns

and

ﻝ

The Haal Construction

The Passive Participle, Derivation of the Passive Participle

Negation Particle

(Revisited)

The Accusative of Distinction (Revisited)

ﺀ

ﺕ

Particles of Exception

The Accusative of Purpose, The Absolute Negation

The Long Vowels (Revisited)

The Pedagogy Section, The whole language and guided

participatory approach

Functional Arabic Verbs list

References

INTRODUCTION

The Arabic language developed through the early centuries in the Arabian

Peninsula in the era immediately preceding the appearance of Islam, when it acquired the

form in which it is known today. Arab poets of the pre-Islamic period had developed a

language of amazing richness and ﬂexibility. For the most part, their poetry was

transmitted and preserved orally. The Arabic language was then, as it is now, easily

capable of creating new words and terminology in order to adapt to the demand of new

scientiﬁc and artistic discoveries. As the new believers in the seventh century spread out

from the Peninsula to create a vast empire, ﬁrst with its capital in Damascus and later in

Baghdad, Arabic became the administrative language of vast section of the Mediterranean

world. It drew upon Byzantine and Persian terms and its own immense inner resources of

vocabulary and grammatical ﬂexibility.

During the ninth and tenth centuries, a great intellectual movement was

underway in Baghdad, in which many ancient scientiﬁc and philosophical tracts were

transposed from ancient languages, especially Greek, into Arabic. Many were augmented

by the new wisdom suggested by Arabic thinkers; other text were simply preserved, until

Europe reawakened by the explosion of learning taking place in Arab Spain, saw its

rebirth in the Renaissance. That is how Arabic became by the eleventh century the

principal reservoir of human knowledge, including the repository for the accumulated

wisdom of past ages, supplanting previous cultural languages such as Greek and Latin.

And it was the Arabic language alone which united many peoples in the

Arab Empire and the civilization which ﬂourished under it. For when we speak of the

Arab civilization and its achievements we do not necessarily mean that all its

representative were Arab, or that all were Muslims. It was the peculiar genius of Arab

civilization that it attracted and encompassed people of many races and creeds. Citizens

of the Arab Empire, they identiﬁed themselves with this civilization and it was the Arabic

language, with its great ﬂexibility, that made them exponents of that civilization..

Between the eighth and twelfth centuries, Arabic was as much the universal language of

culture, diplomacy, the sciences and philosophy as Latin was to become in the later

Middle Ages. Those who wanted to read Aristotle, use medical terms, solve mathematical

problems, or embark on any intellectual discourse, had to know Arabic.

The ﬁrst rules of Arabic language, including its poetry metrical theory, and

its syntax, morphology and phonology, were written in Iraq. This task was conducted

both in Al-Basrah under Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmed Al-Farahidy and in Al-Kuufah under Abu

al-Hasan Al-Kisaa'i. During the Middle Ages Al-Khalil in his book

ﲔ

ﺏ

and, his

ﺏ concluded that task. The ﬁrst complete dictionary of the

Arabic language was composed by Al-Khalil, who had also been involved in the reform

of the Arabic script and who is generally acclaimed as the inventor of the Arabic metrical

student, Siibawayh in

ﲔ , which goes under his name, was the inclusion

of all Arabic roots. In the introduction, a sketch is given of the phonetic structure of

Arabic, and

ﺏ

theory. The professed aim of

the dictionary fully uses available corpora of Arabic by including quotations from the

Qur'an and from the numerous pre-Islamic poems, which had both undergone a process

of codiﬁcation and written transmission by the hands of the grammarians.

The early attempt to write the Arabic grammar began as early as the time

of the fourth Well-Guided Caliphs, Ali Ibn Abi Taalib, when he commissioned a man

named Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali for the task. In his book (

ﺕ

ﻲ

ﺎ

ﺔ

ﺎ

ﻱ

) Al-Anbari,

reports the following anecdote .

ﻩ

ﻲ

ﺕ

(

ﻪ

ﺐ

ﻲ

ﻦ

ﻲ

ﲔ

ﺮ

ﯽ

ﺖ

)

ﺪ

ﻪ

ﺏ

ﻡ

ﺖ

ﻲ

ﺮ

ﺎ

ﻩ

ﺎ

ﺖ

ﻥ

ﺎ

ﻊ

ﻥ

ﺕ

ﻲ

ﺀ

ﻩ

ﺔ

ﺪ

ﻞ

ﻢ

ﻪ

ﻡ

ﺎ

ﺔ

ﯽ

ﻥ

ﺩ

ﺎ

ﻑ

ﺎ

ﻞ

ﻦ

ﺄ

ﺎ

ﻢ

ﻝ

ﻊ

ﺎ

ﻪ

ﻒ

ﺍ

I came to The Leader of the Believers, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, and found that he was

holding a note in his hand. I asked, "What is this, Oh Leader of the Faithful?" He

said, "I have been thinking of the language of the Arabs, and I came to ﬁnd out

that it has been corrupted through contacts with these foreigners.Therefore, I have

decided to put something that they (the Arabs) refer to and rely on." Then he gave

me the note and on it he wrote: Speech is made of nouns, verbs and particles.

Nouns are names of things, verbs provide information, and particles complete the

meaning." Then he said to me, "Follow this approach and add to it what comes to

your mind."

Al-Du'ali continued to say,

ﯽ

ﺖ

ﻥ

ﯽ

ﺐ

ﻲ

ﻢ

ﺖ

ﻒ

ﻲ

ﺖ

ﻲ

(

ﻪ

ﯽ

ﺎ

ﻼ

ﺎ

ﺏ

ﻲ

ﻪ

ﺎ

ﻮ

ﺏ

ﻦ

ﺎ

ﺖ

ﺎ

ﺖ

ﻢ

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