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Encyclopedia of Modern China
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Encyclopedia of Modern China
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Encyclopedia of Modern China
VOLUME 1
A–E
David Pong
EDITOR IN CHIEF
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Encyclopedia of Modern China
David Pong, Editor in Chief
ª 2009 Charles Scribner’s Sons, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be
reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic,
electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording,
scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information
storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information
presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, does not guarantee the
accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and
inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service,
or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to
the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be
corrected in future editions.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of modern China / David Pong, editor in chief.
p. cm. --
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-684-31566-9 (set : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-684-31567-6 (v. 1 : alk. paper) --
ISBN 978-0-684-31568-3 (v. 2 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-684-31569-0 (v. 3 : alk. paper) --
ISBN 978-0-684-31570-6 (v. 4 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-684-31571-3 (e-book)
1. China--Civilization--1644-1912--Encyclopedias. 2. China--Civilization--1912-1949--
Encyclopedias. 3. China--Civilization--1949---Encyclopedias. I. Pong, David, 1939–.
DS755.E63 2009
951.003--dc22
2009003279
Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31566-9 (set)
ISBN-10: 0-684-31566-1 (set)
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31567-6 (vol. 1)
ISBN-10: 0-684-31567-X (vol. 1)
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31568-3 (vol. 2)
ISBN-10: 0-684-31568-8 (vol. 2)
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31569-0 (vol. 3)
ISBN-10: 0-684-31569-6 (vol. 3)
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31570-6 (vol. 4)
ISBN-10: 0-684-31570-X (vol. 4)
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31571-3 ISBN-10: 0-684-31571-8
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Dedication
For my loving wife Barbara
For our children, Amanda, Cynthia, and Myra
And for justice, peace, and security of life everywhere
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