Grzimek's Encyclopedia 2nd Ed. - Vol. 1-3 - Primitives (Pics Only).pdf

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Grzimek’s
Animal Life Encyclopedia
Second Edition
●●●●
Volume 1
Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes
Dennis A. Thoney, Advisory Editor
Neil Schlager, Editor
Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator
Michael Hutchins, Series Editor
In association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association
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• • • • •
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................ viii
How to use this book ........................................................ xi
Advisory board ................................................................... xiii
Contributing writers .......................................................... xv
Contributing illustrators.................................................... xvii
Phylum: NEMERTEA
Class: ANOPLA.......................................................... 245
Class: ENOPLA.......................................................... 253
Phylum: ROTIFERA......................................................... 259
Phylum: GASTROTRICHA ............................................ 269
Volume 1: Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes
What are lower metazoans and lesser deuterostomes?....
Phylum: KINORHYNCHA ............................................. 275
3
Phylum: NEMATODA
Class: ADENOPHOREA........................................... 283
Class: SECERNENTEA............................................ 293
Evolution and systematics .................................................
7
Reproduction, development, and life history ...................
15
Ecology...............................................................................
24
Symbiosis ............................................................................
31
Phylum: NEMATOMORPHA......................................... 305
Behavior..............................................................................
37
Phylum: ACANTHOCEPHALA ..................................... 311
Lower metazoans, lesser deuterostomes, and humans.....
44
Phylum: ENTOPROCTA ................................................ 319
Phylum: MICROGNATHOZOA .................................... 327
Conservation ......................................................................
47
Phylum: PORIFERA
Class: CALCAREA .....................................................
57
Phylum: GNATHOSTOMULIDA ................................. 331
Class: HEXACTINELLIDA .....................................
67
Phylum: PRIAPULIDA..................................................... 337
Class: DEMOSPONGIAE.........................................
77
Phylum: LORICIFERA..................................................... 343
Phylum: CYCLIOPHORA ............................................... 351
Phylum: PLACOZOA .......................................................
87
Phylum: MONOBLASTOZOA .......................................
91
Phylum: ECHINODERMATA
Class: CRINOIDEA ................................................... 355
Class: ASTEROIDEA ................................................ 367
Class: CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA......................... 381
Class: OPHIUROIDEA ............................................. 387
Class: ECHINOIDEA................................................ 401
Class: HOLOTHUROIDEA..................................... 417
Phylum: RHOMBOZOA ..................................................
93
Phylum: ORTHONECTIDA ..........................................
99
Phylum: CNIDARIA
Class: ANTHOZOA................................................... 103
Class: HYDROZOA ................................................... 123
Class: CUBOZOA ...................................................... 147
Class: SCYPHOZOA ................................................. 153
Phylum: CHAETOGNATHA ......................................... 433
Phylum: CTENOPHORA................................................ 169
Phylum: PLATYHELMINTHES
Class: ACOELA .......................................................... 179
Class: TURBELLARIA.............................................. 185
Class: TREMATODA................................................ 197
Class: MONOGENEA............................................... 213
Class: CESTODA....................................................... 225
Phylum: HEMICHORDATA .......................................... 443
Phylum: CHORDATA
Subphylum: UROCHORDATA
Class: ASCIDIACEA .................................................. 451
Class: THALIACEA................................................... 467
Class: APPENDICULARIA ...................................... 473
Class: SORBERACEA................................................ 479
Subphylum: CEPHALOCHORDATA
Class: CEPHALOCHORDATA ............................... 485
Glossary .............................................................................. 506
Lower metazoans and
lesser deuterostomes order list ...................................... 512
Geologic time scale............................................................ 514
Index ................................................................................... 515
For further reading ............................................................ 495
Organizations ..................................................................... 498
Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 499
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1. Clathrina heronensis; 2. Pericharax heteroraphis; 3. Petrobiona masselina; 4. Soleneiscus radovani; 5. Grantiopsis heroni; 6. Sycon capricorn;
7. Lemon-sponge (Leucetta chagosensis). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins)
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1. Cloud sponge (Aphrocallistes vastus); 2. Neoaulocystis grayi; 3. Glass-rope sponge (Hyalonema sieboldi); 4. Farrea occa; 5. Venus’s flower
basket (Euplectella aspergillum); 6. Monorhaphis chuni; 7. Bird’s nest sponge (Pheronema carpenteri); 8. Sharp-lipped boot sponge (Rhabdoca-
lyptus dawsoni). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)
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1. Yellow boring sponge (Cliona celata), boring stage; 2. Barrel sponge (Xestospongia testudinaria); 3. Carteriospongia foliascens; 4. Stove-pipe
sponge (Aplysina archeri); 5. Eyed finger sponge (Haliclona oculata); 6. Carnivorous sponge (Asbestopluma hypogea); 7. Bath sponge (Spongia
officinalis); 8. Freshwater sponge (Spongilla lacustris). (Illustration by Michelle Meneghini)
Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia
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