Scientific American Mind - Creativity (March 2005).pdf - scientific american - lapistolla

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Will Brain Scans

Keep Killers

Out of Prison?

THOUGHT • IDEAS • BRAIN SCIENCE

CREA T IVI T Y

www.sciammind.com

How Brilliance Arises

in Every One of Us

Déjà Vu Explained

Mental Workouts

for Success

Alien Impostors

Does Brain

Equal Mind?

Sizing Up

Strangers

PLUS:

Brain

Puzzles

and

Illusions

How Brilliance Arises

in Every One of Us

( c ontents )

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FEATURES

16 >> Unleashing Creativity

BY ULRICH KRAFT

Moments of brilliance arise from complex

cognitive processes. Piece by piece,

researchers are uncovering the secrets of

creative thinking.

24 >> Fact or Phrenology?

BY DAVID DOBBS

The growing controversy over fMRI scans is

forcing us to confront whether brain equals mind.

32 >> Strangely Familiar

BY UWE WOLFRADT

Researchers are starting to pin down what déjà

vu is and why it arises. But have you read this

already? Maybe you just can’t remember.

38 >> Drowning Mr. M

BY PATRICK VERSTICHEL AND PASCALE LARROUY

He knows he is suffocating at the bottom of the

pool, but he doesn’t feel like swimming right now.

42 >> Neuroscience and the Law

BY MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA AND MEGAN S. STEVEN

Rapid advances in neuroscience could affect

court proceedings in many ways, from

determining a defendant’s violent tendencies

to reducing sentences for killers.

Also: “The New Lie Detectors,” by

Laurence R. Tancredi

Volume 16, Number 1

This Picture?

BY SCOTT O. LILIENFELD, JAMES M. WOOD AND

HOWARD N. GARB

Psychologists often use the famous Rorschach

inkblot test to assess mental illness. But

the instruments are frequently ineffective.

58 >> Alien Friends

BY THOMAS GRÜTER AND ULRICH KRAF T

For people with Capgras syndrome, loved ones

have been taken over by body doubles.

Their experience teaches us that feelings are

integral to perception.

64 >> The Will to Win

BY STEVE J. AYAN

More and more athletes are engaging in mental

workouts to give themselves that extra edge.

70 >> Finding Our Way

BY HANSPETER A. MALLOT

The human positioning system helps us

navigate an unfamiliar city and may underlie

general memory and thought.

COVER IMAGE BY PETER M. FISHER, CORBIS

www.sciammind.com

50 >> What’s Wrong with

( c ontents )

DEPARTMENTS

3 >> From the Editor

4 >> Letters

6 >> Head Lines

>> Alzheimer’s vaccine.

>> Phone therapy.

>> Finding autism earlier.

>> The collector’s brain.

>> Big pharma on trial.

>> Zen gamma waves.

Perspectives

10 >> Watching Prodigies

for the Dark Side

BY MARIE-NOËLLE GANRY-TARDY

12 >> Abnormal as Norm

BY STEVE J. AYAN AND IRIS TATJANA CALLIESS

14 >> Feeling Our Emotions:

Antonio R. Damasio

INTERVIEW BY MANUELA LENZEN

78 >> Friend or Foe?

BY MARION SONNENMOSER

How we instantly size up strangers has little to

do with logic and a lot to do with looks.

82 >> Right Brain May Be Wrong

BY STEVE J. AYAN

Classical neuroscience holds that the brain’s

hemispheres process different aspects of faces

and voices. But new work indicates that the

division is not so clean.

84 >> Leonardo da Vinci,

Neuroscientist

BY JONATHAN PEVSNER

Five centuries ago the famous Italian artist-

engineer leaped past his contemporaries in

developing a more scientiﬁ c understanding

of the brain.

92 >> Think Better

BY MAJA STORCH

Make yourself happy.

94 >> Mind Reads

13 Dreams Freud Never Had, by J. Allan

Hobson, connects the fantastic content

of dreams to neural activity in the brain.

96 >> Head Games

BY ABBIE F. SALNY

Match wits with the Mensa puzzler.

100 >> Illusions

BY VILAYANUR S. RAMACHANDRAN AND

DIANE ROGERS-RAMACHANDRAN

Filling in blind spots.

Scientific American Mind (ISSN 1048-0943), Volume 16, Number 1, 2005, published by Scientific American, Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017-1111. Copyright

© 2 0 0 5 b y S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N o p a r t o f t h i s i s s u e m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d b y a n y m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o g r a p h i c o r e l e c t r o n i c p r o c e s s , o r i n t h e f o r m o f a p h o n o -

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Scientific American, Dept. SAMIND05, 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017-1111. Inquiries: 212-451-8890 or fax 212-355-0408. Printed in U.S.A.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND

( f rom the editor )

THOUGHT • IDEAS • BRAIN SCIENCE

EDITOR IN CHIEF: John Rennie

EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Mariette DiChristina

ISSUE EDITOR: Mark Fischetti

ART DIRECTOR: Edward Bell

ISSUE ART DIRECTOR: Patti Nemoto

PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR: Bridget Gerety Small

PRODUCTION EDITOR: Richard Hunt

COPY DIRECTOR: Maria-Christina Keller

ASSISTANT COPY CHIEF: Daniel C. Schlenoff

COPY AND RESE ARCH: Michael Battaglia,

Sara Beardsley, Kenneth Silber,

Eugene A. Raikhel, Molly K. Frances

EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATOR: Jacob Lasky

SENIOR SECRETARY: Maya Harty

Many of the articles in this issue

are adapted from articles originally

appearing in Gehirn & Geist.

ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER, PRODUCTION:

William Sherman

MANUFACTURING MANAGER: Janet Cermak

ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER:

Carl Cherebin

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Tapping the Muse

For me, the secret is always the lead — that’s journalist jargon for the opening of

a story, the one provocative idea that will capture a reader’s interest. Once I’ve

found that gem, the rest of the narrative seems to ﬂ ow easily from the gray mat-

ter in my head down to my ﬁ ngers pounding on the keyboard.

Where do such creative sparks come from? How can we conjure them when-

ever we want? And why can that be so infernally difﬁ cult to do, anyway? A com-

plete understanding isn’t here yet, but neuroscientists are already on the trail of

where and how creativity arises. They also have some good news for each of us

who has ever struggled to ignite those inventive ﬁ re s. A s it t u r ns out , t appi ng ou r

own muse may be easier than we think, especially if we learn to make a habit of

it. For more, turn to “Unleashing Creativity,” by Ulrich Kraft, on page 16.

Renaissance artist-engineer Leonardo da Vinci, renowned for such paintings

as the Mona Lisa, seemed to suffer no lack of novel thoughts. In addition to

a r t i s t ic m a s ter pie c e s , he de sig ne d ﬂ ying machines, canals, a variety of buildings,

and tanks. His successes make it clear, however, that imaginative genius isn’t

enough to advance a brainchild. In “Leonardo da Vinci, Neuroscientist,” by

Jon at h a n Pevsner, s t a r t i ng on page 8 4 , you’l l s e e t h at a not her c r it ic a l i ng re d ient

is the application of logic and systematic study to a fanciful notion. Leonardo —

who lived in an era more comfortable with acceptance of prevailing wisdom

than with experimentation — had the then unusual idea of examining and re-

cording human anatomy for himself. As a result, he leaped beyond his contem-

poraries in developing a truer understanding of the brain.

We hope you ﬁ nd these and other articles in this issue of Scientiﬁ c American

Mind thought-provoking. And if the articles inspire you to write, please do.

ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT,

CIRCULATION: Lorraine Leib Terlecki

CIRCULATION DIRECTOR: Katherine Corvino

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INTERNATIONAL: Dean Sanderson

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Mariette DiChristina

Executive Editor

editors@sciammind.com

www.sciammind.com

M IND

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