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Will
Brain Scans
Keep Killers
Out of Prison?
THOUGHT • IDEAS • BRAIN SCIENCE
CREA
T
IVI
T
Y
www.sciammind.com
How Brilliance Arises
in Every One of Us
Déjà Vu Explained
Mental Workouts
for Success
Alien Impostors
Does Brain
Equal Mind?
Sizing Up
Strangers
PLUS:
Brain
Puzzles
and
Illusions
COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
How Brilliance Arises
in Every One of Us
(
c
ontents
)
M
IND
FEATURES
16
>>
Unleashing Creativity
BY ULRICH KRAFT
Moments of brilliance arise from complex
cognitive processes. Piece by piece,
researchers are uncovering the secrets of
creative thinking.
24
>>
Fact or Phrenology?
BY DAVID DOBBS
The growing controversy over fMRI scans is
forcing us to confront whether brain equals mind.
32
>>
Strangely Familiar
BY UWE WOLFRADT
Researchers are starting to pin down what déjà
vu is and why it arises. But have you read this
already? Maybe you just can’t remember.
38
>>
Drowning Mr. M
BY PATRICK VERSTICHEL AND PASCALE LARROUY
He knows he is suffocating at the bottom of the
pool, but he doesn’t feel like swimming right now.
42
>>
Neuroscience and the Law
BY MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA AND MEGAN S. STEVEN
Rapid advances in neuroscience could affect
court proceedings in many ways, from
determining a defendant’s violent tendencies
to reducing sentences for killers.
Also:
“The New Lie Detectors,”
by
Laurence R. Tancredi
Volume 16, Number 1
16
This Picture?
BY SCOTT O. LILIENFELD, JAMES M. WOOD AND
HOWARD N. GARB
Psychologists often use the famous Rorschach
inkblot test to assess mental illness. But
the instruments are frequently ineffective.
58
>>
Alien Friends
BY THOMAS GRÜTER AND ULRICH KRAF T
For people with Capgras syndrome, loved ones
have been taken over by body doubles.
Their experience teaches us that feelings are
integral to perception.
64
>>
The Will to Win
BY STEVE J. AYAN
More and more athletes are engaging in mental
workouts to give themselves that extra edge.
70
>>
Finding Our Way
BY HANSPETER A. MALLOT
The human positioning system helps us
navigate an unfamiliar city and may underlie
general memory and thought.
24
COVER IMAGE BY PETER M. FISHER, CORBIS
www.sciammind.com
COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
1
50
>>
What’s Wrong with
(
c
ontents
)
64
DEPARTMENTS
3
>>
From the Editor
4
>>
Letters
6
>>
Head Lines
>>
Alzheimer’s vaccine.
>>
Phone therapy.
>>
Finding autism earlier.
>>
The collector’s brain.
>>
Big pharma on trial.
>>
Zen gamma waves.
9
Perspectives
10
>>
Watching Prodigies
for the Dark Side
BY MARIE-NOËLLE GANRY-TARDY
12
>>
Abnormal as Norm
BY STEVE J. AYAN AND IRIS TATJANA CALLIESS
14
>>
Feeling Our Emotions:
Antonio R. Damasio
INTERVIEW BY MANUELA LENZEN
78
>>
Friend or Foe?
BY MARION SONNENMOSER
How we instantly size up strangers has little to
do with logic and a lot to do with looks.
82
>>
Right Brain May Be Wrong
BY STEVE J. AYAN
Classical neuroscience holds that the brain’s
hemispheres process different aspects of faces
and voices. But new work indicates that the
division is not so clean.
84
>>
Leonardo da Vinci,
10
Neuroscientist
BY JONATHAN PEVSNER
Five centuries ago the famous Italian artist-
engineer leaped past his contemporaries in
developing a more scientifi c understanding
of the brain.
92
>>
Think Better
BY MAJA STORCH
Make yourself happy.
94
>>
Mind Reads
13 Dreams Freud Never Had,
by J. Allan
Hobson, connects the fantastic content
of dreams to neural activity in the brain.
96
>>
Head Games
BY ABBIE F. SALNY
Match wits with the Mensa puzzler.
100
>>
Illusions
BY VILAYANUR S. RAMACHANDRAN AND
DIANE ROGERS-RAMACHANDRAN
Filling in blind spots.
70
Scientific American Mind (ISSN 1048-0943), Volume 16, Number 1, 2005, published by Scientific American, Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017-1111. Copyright
© 2 0 0 5 b y S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N o p a r t o f t h i s i s s u e m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d b y a n y m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o g r a p h i c o r e l e c t r o n i c p r o c e s s , o r i n t h e f o r m o f a p h o n o -
graphic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or otherwise copied for public or private use without written permission of the publisher. Canadian BN No.
127387652RT; QST No. Q1015332537. Subscription rates: One year (four issues) $19.95; elsewhere $30 USD. Postmaster: Send address changes to Scientific
American Mind, 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017-1111. To purchase additional quantities: U.S., $10.95 each; elsewhere, $13.95 each. Send payment to
Scientific American, Dept. SAMIND05, 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017-1111. Inquiries: 212-451-8890 or fax 212-355-0408. Printed in U.S.A.
2
COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND
9
(
f
rom the editor
)
THOUGHT • IDEAS • BRAIN SCIENCE
EDITOR IN CHIEF:
John Rennie
EXECUTIVE EDITOR:
Mariette DiChristina
ISSUE EDITOR:
Mark Fischetti
ART DIRECTOR:
Edward Bell
ISSUE ART DIRECTOR:
Patti Nemoto
PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR:
Bridget Gerety Small
PRODUCTION EDITOR:
Richard Hunt
COPY DIRECTOR:
Maria-Christina Keller
ASSISTANT COPY CHIEF:
Daniel C. Schlenoff
COPY AND RESE ARCH:
Michael Battaglia,
Sara Beardsley, Kenneth Silber,
Eugene A. Raikhel, Molly K. Frances
EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATOR:
Jacob Lasky
SENIOR SECRETARY:
Maya Harty
Many of the articles in this issue
are adapted from articles originally
appearing in
Gehirn & Geist.
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER, PRODUCTION:
William Sherman
MANUFACTURING MANAGER:
Janet Cermak
ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER:
Carl Cherebin
PREPRESS AND QUALITY MANAGER:
Silvia De Santis
PRODUCTION MANAGER:
Christina Hippeli
CUSTOM PUBLISHING MANAGER:
Madelyn Keyes-Milch
Tapping the Muse
For me, the secret is always the lead
—
that’s journalist jargon for the opening of
a story, the one provocative idea that will capture a reader’s interest. Once I’ve
found that gem, the rest of the narrative seems to fl ow easily from the gray mat-
ter in my head down to my fi ngers pounding on the keyboard.
Where do such creative sparks come from? How can we conjure them when-
ever we want? And why can that be so infernally diffi cult to do, anyway? A com-
plete understanding isn’t here yet, but neuroscientists are already on the trail of
where and how creativity arises. They also have some good news for each of us
who has ever struggled to ignite those inventive fi re s. A s it t u r ns out , t appi ng ou r
own muse may be easier than we think, especially if we learn to make a habit of
it. For more, turn to “Unleashing Creativity,” by Ulrich Kraft, on page 16.
Renaissance artist-engineer Leonardo da Vinci, renowned for such paintings
as the
Mona Lisa,
seemed to suffer no lack of novel thoughts. In addition to
a r t i s t ic m a s ter pie c e s , he de sig ne d fl ying machines, canals, a variety of buildings,
and tanks. His successes make it clear, however, that imaginative genius isn’t
enough to advance a brainchild. In “Leonardo da Vinci, Neuroscientist,” by
Jon at h a n Pevsner, s t a r t i ng on page 8 4 , you’l l s e e t h at a not her c r it ic a l i ng re d ient
is the application of logic and systematic study to a fanciful notion. Leonardo
—
who lived in an era more comfortable with acceptance of prevailing wisdom
than with experimentation
—
had the then unusual idea of examining and re-
cording human anatomy for himself. As a result, he leaped beyond his contem-
poraries in developing a truer understanding of the brain.
We hope you fi nd these and other articles in this issue of
Scientifi c American
Mind
thought-provoking. And if the articles inspire you to write, please do.
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT,
CIRCULATION:
Lorraine Leib Terlecki
CIRCULATION DIRECTOR:
Katherine Corvino
FULFILLMENT AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGER:
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SALES REPRESENTATIVES:
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Hunter Millington, Stan Schmidt
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PROMOTION MANAGER:
Diane Schube
RESEARCH MANAGER:
Aida Dadurian
PROMOTION DESIGN MANAGER:
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GENERAL MANAGER:
Michael Florek
BUSINESS MANAGER:
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MANAGER, ADVERTISING ACCOUNTING
AND COORDINATION:
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DIRECTOR, SPECIAL PROJECTS:
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OPERATIONS MANAGER, ONLINE:
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CHAIRMAN EMERITUS:
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PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER:
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VICE PRESIDENT AND MANAGING DIRECTOR,
INTERNATIONAL:
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VICE PRESIDENT:
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Mariette DiChristina
Executive Editor
editors@sciammind.com
www.sciammind.com
COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
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