Multi-Command Handbook 11 - F16 - Volume 5.pdf

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AIR COMBAT COMMAND (ACC)
MULTI-COMMAND HANDBOOK 11-F16
AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND (AETC)
VOLUME 5
NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU (NGB)
EFFECTIVE DATE: 10 MAY 1996
PACIFIC AIR FORCES (PACAF)
UNITED STATES AIR FORCES IN EUROPE (USAFE)
Before printing this document, highlight the table of
contents and hit F9 to update the page numbers.
Flying Operations
F-16 COMBAT AIRCRAFT FUNDAMENTALS
This handbook provides F-16 pilots a single-source, comprehensive document containing fundamental
employment procedures and techniques that may be used to accomplish the various missions of the F-16.
This handbook is the primary F-16 fighter fundamentals reference document for Air Combat Command
(ACC), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Air Force Reserve
(USAFR), Air National Guard (ANG), and Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The
procedures and techniques are presented for pilot consideration in planning and are not for regulatory
purposes. Other procedures and techniques may be used if they are safe and effective. This handbook
applies to ANG units when published in ANGIND2.
Designed to be used in conjunction with MCM 3–1 (S) and AFI/MCI 11-series directives, this handbook
addresses basic flying tasks and planning considerations for both the air-to-air and air-to-surface arenas.
It presents a solid foundation on which effective tactics can be developed. This handbook is not designed
to be used as a step-by-step checklist of how to successfully employ fighters, but rather provides
information and guidelines on basic procedures and techniques.
NOTE: Contact HQ ACC/DOT before releasing this document to a foreign government or contractor.
Supersedes MCM 3-3 Volume 5, 1 September 1992
Certified by: HQ ACC DOT (Col Thomas G. Sullivan)
HQ AETC/XO (Maj Gen Donald L. Peterson)
NGB/XO (Col John W. Gorman)
HQ PACAF/DO (Maj Gen John M. McBroom)
HQ USAFE/ADO (Col Victor E. Renuart, Jr.)
OPR: HQ ACC/DOT (Maj Michael K. Updike)
Pages: 295 / Distribution: F
Approved by: HQ ACC/ADO (Col D. L. Johnson)
Chapter One—INTRODUCTION 8
1.1. O VERVIEW .....................................................................................................................................8
1.2. P URPOSE ........................................................................................................................................8
1.3. C HANGE P ROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................8
Chapter Two—PREPARATION 8
2.1. I NTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................8
2.2. E STABLISHING P RIORITIES ..............................................................................................................8
2.3. P RIORITIZING T ASKS ......................................................................................................................9
2.4. P SYCHOLOGICAL C ONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................9
2.5. P HYSIOLOGICAL C ONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................9
2.6. M ISSION O BJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................10
2.7. M ISPRIORITIZATION .....................................................................................................................11
2.8. S ITUATION A WARENESS ...............................................................................................................11
2.9. F LIGHT L EADERSHIP ....................................................................................................................11
2.10. W INGMAN R ESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................................................................11
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MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 1996
2.11. M ISSION P REPARATION ..............................................................................................................11
2.12. D EBRIEFING ...............................................................................................................................13
Chapter Three—FORMATION 13
3.1. B ASIC F ORMATION .......................................................................................................................13
3.2. T ACTICAL F ORMATION .................................................................................................................19
3.3. T WO -S HIP F ORMATIONS ...............................................................................................................24
3.4. F OUR -S HIP F ORMATIONS ..............................................................................................................27
3.5. T HREE -S HIP F ORMATIONS ............................................................................................................31
3.6. T ACTICAL T URNS .........................................................................................................................32
Chapter Four—AIR–TO–AIR 36
4.1. I NTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................36
4.2. P REPARATION ..............................................................................................................................36
4.3. A IRCRAFT H ANDLING C HARACTERISTICS (AHC) ...........................................................................36
4.4. W EAPON S YSTEMS C HECK ............................................................................................................36
4.5. F ENCE C HECK ..............................................................................................................................37
4.6. P RINCIPLES /C ONCEPTS O F B ASIC F IGHTER M ANEUVERS (BFM) .....................................................39
4.7. O FFENSIVE BFM..........................................................................................................................60
4.8. D EFENSIVE BFM..........................................................................................................................69
4.9. H IGH A SPECT BFM ......................................................................................................................77
4.10. A IR C OMBAT M ANEUVERS (ACM)..............................................................................................82
4.11. 2 V 1 D EFENSIVE V ISUAL M ANEUVERING ...................................................................................94
4.12. H IGH -A SPECT ACM.................................................................................................................104
4.13. I NTERCEPTS .............................................................................................................................105
4.14. G UN E MPLOYMENT ..................................................................................................................110
Chapter Five—AIR–TO–SURFACE 119
5.1. T HE A IR – TO –S URFACE M ISSION .................................................................................................119
5.2. P REPARATION ............................................................................................................................120
5.3. A IR -T O -G ROUND M ISSION P LANNING .........................................................................................120
5.4. S URFACE A TTACK C HECKS .........................................................................................................123
5.5. I NGRESS /E GRESS ........................................................................................................................125
5.6. C OMPUTED V ISUAL B OMBING .....................................................................................................127
5.7. M ANUAL W EAPONS D ELIVERY ...................................................................................................135
5.8. T ACTICAL C ONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................................146
5.9. S TRAFE .....................................................................................................................................147
5.10. T APE A SSESSMENT A ND F OOT P RINT D ATA ..............................................................................150
5.11. N ONVISUAL B OMBING ..............................................................................................................150
5.12. S YSTEM A LTITUDE E RRORS ......................................................................................................159
5.13. C ONTROLLED R ANGE P ATTERNS ...............................................................................................164
5.14. P OP -U P D ELIVERIES .................................................................................................................172
5.15. P OP -U P P LANNING ...................................................................................................................176
5.16. F LYING A T ACTICAL P OP -U P ....................................................................................................180
5.17. P OP - UP F ORMULAS ...................................................................................................................186
5.18. F LYUP A TTACKS ......................................................................................................................191
5.19. T WO S HIP E MPLOYMENT C ONSIDERATIONS ...............................................................................192
5.20. E GRESS ...................................................................................................................................202
5.21. R ECOVERY ...............................................................................................................................204
Chapter Six—AIR REFUELING 205
6.1. I NTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................205
6.2. M ISSION P REPARATION ..............................................................................................................205
6.3. G ROUND O PERATIONS ................................................................................................................205
MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 1996
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6.4. E N R OUTE .................................................................................................................................205
6.5. R ENDEZVOUS .............................................................................................................................205
6.6. R ENDEZVOUS O VERRUN .............................................................................................................206
6.7. O BSERVATION P OSITION ............................................................................................................207
6.8. P REREFUELING C HECKS ..............................................................................................................207
6.9. P RECONTACT P OSITION ..............................................................................................................207
6.10. C ONTACT P OSITION .................................................................................................................207
6.11. M AINTAINING C ONTACT ..........................................................................................................207
6.12. D ISCONNECT ...........................................................................................................................208
6.13. A IR R EFUELING E MERGENCY P ROCEDURES ...............................................................................208
6.14. P OST R EFUELING ......................................................................................................................209
Chapter Seven—LOW ALTITUDE OPERATIONS 214
7.1. I NTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................214
7.2. L OW A LTITUDE M APS ................................................................................................................214
7.3. L OW L EVEL R OUTE S TUDY .........................................................................................................214
7.4. L OW A LTITUDE A WARENESS ......................................................................................................214
7.5. L OW A LTITUDE T ASK P RIORITIZATION ........................................................................................215
7.6. L OW A LTITUDE I NTERCEPT C ONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................215
7.7. L OW L EVEL N AVIGATION ...........................................................................................................216
7.8. L OW A LTITUDE M ANEUVERING ..................................................................................................219
7.9. E MERGENCIES /A BNORMAL O PERATIONS A T L OW A LTITUDE .......................................................223
7.10. R OUTE A BORT P ROCEDURES .....................................................................................................223
7.11. L OW A LTITUDE F ORMATIONS ...................................................................................................223
Chapter Eight—NIGHT OPERATIONS 223
8.1. I NTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................223
8.2. P HYSIOLOGICAL C ONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................223
8.3. N IGHT G ROUND O PERATIONS .....................................................................................................224
8.4. N IGHT T AKEOFF ........................................................................................................................224
8.5. N IGHT F ORMATION ....................................................................................................................224
8.6. N IGHT /W EATHER I NTERCEPTS ....................................................................................................226
8.7. N IGHT S URFACE A TTACK ...........................................................................................................227
8.8. N IGHT L ANDING ........................................................................................................................234
8.9. N IGHT R EFUELING .....................................................................................................................235
8.10. I N -F LIGHT D ISTRESS S IGNALS --N IGHT V ISUAL (AFI 11-205).....................................................235
Chapter Nine—PROFICIENCY EXERCISES 235
9.1. I NTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................235
9.2. G-A WARENESS ..........................................................................................................................235
9.3. A NTI -G S TRAINING M ANEUVER (AGSM) ...................................................................................236
9.4. A IRCRAFT H ANDLING E XERCISES AND M ANEUVERS .....................................................................239
9.5. F IGHTER P ROFICIENCY E XERCISES ..............................................................................................250
9.6. L OW A LTITUDE T RAINING ..........................................................................................................258
9.7. F LAME -O UT A PPROACH (FO) T ECHNIQUES AND P ROCEDURES .....................................................261
Chapter Ten—LANTIRN 263
10.1. T HE LANTIRN S YSTEM ..........................................................................................................263
10.2. LANTIRN E FFECTS ON P ERFORMANCE ....................................................................................263
10.3. R OUTE P LANNING ....................................................................................................................264
10.4. T ARGET A REA M ISSION P LANNING ...........................................................................................267
10.5. G ROUND O PERATIONS ..............................................................................................................271
10.6. TFR I N -F LIGHT C HECK ............................................................................................................272
10.7. E N R OUTE C RUISE ....................................................................................................................273
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MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 1996
10.8. TFR M ODES O F O PERATION .....................................................................................................273
10.9. L OW L EVEL O PERATIONS .........................................................................................................274
10.10. T HREAT R EACTION ................................................................................................................275
10.11. L OW A LTITUDE LANTIRN A TTACK O PTIONS .........................................................................276
10.12. E SCAPE M ANEUVERS ..............................................................................................................280
10.13. M EDIUM A LTITUDE I NGRESS A ND FLIR A TTACKS ..................................................................281
10.14. T HE R ETURN T O B ASE (RTB) P HASE ......................................................................................284
10.15. R ADIO C ALLS .........................................................................................................................284
Attachment One—ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS
285
Attachment Two—GLOSSARY
291
Attachment Three—CODE AND BREVITY WORDS
297
Figure 3.1 F-16 Canopy Codes ...............................................................................................................20
Figure 3.2 Six O’Clock Visual Coverage ................................................................................................21
Figure 3.3 Aircraft References for Six O’Clock Look Angles..................................................................21
Figure 3.4 Lookout Responsibilities........................................................................................................23
Figure 3.5 Two-Ship Line Abreast .........................................................................................................25
Figure 3.6 Two-Ship Wedge...................................................................................................................26
Figure 3.7 Fighting Wing.......................................................................................................................27
Figure 3.8 Four Ship Offset Box.............................................................................................................28
Figure 3.9 Arrowhead Formation ...........................................................................................................28
Figure 3.10 Four Ship Wedge Formation................................................................................................29
Figure 3.11 Fluid Four Formation ..........................................................................................................30
Figure 3.12 Spread Four Formation........................................................................................................31
Figure 3.13 Three Ship Vic ....................................................................................................................31
Figure 3.14 Delayed 90º and Hook Turns ...............................................................................................34
Figure 3.15 Delayed 45º/Crossturn/Check Turns ....................................................................................34
Figure 3.16 Radio Silent Turns Into Wingman .......................................................................................35
Figure 3.17 Radio Silent Turns Away From Wingman ...........................................................................35
Figure 4.1 Angular Relationships ...........................................................................................................39
Figure 4.2 Attack Pursuit Courses ..........................................................................................................40
Figure 4.3 Insufficient Turn Rate To Maintain Lead (Resulting in Lag) .................................................40
Figure 4.4 Out-of-plane Maneuvering ....................................................................................................41
Figure 4.5 Outside/Inside The Turn Circle .............................................................................................42
Figure 4.6 Lag Pursuit Outside/Inside the Turn Circle............................................................................43
Figure 4.7 Fishhook Turn.......................................................................................................................44
Figure 4.8 Recognizing Turn Circle .......................................................................................................45
Figure 4.9 Turn Rate and Velocity .........................................................................................................46
Figure 4.10 Overshoot/Reversal Situation...............................................................................................47
Figure 4.11 Turning on Offset Turn Circles ...........................................................................................48
Figure 4.12 Lag to Entry Window ..........................................................................................................49
Figure 4.13 Turning at Different Rates...................................................................................................50
Figure 4.14 Missile LOS Rates ...............................................................................................................51
Figure 4.15 Vertical Turning..................................................................................................................52
Figure 4.16 Vertical Overshoot ..............................................................................................................53
Figure 4.17 Vertical Versus Oblique Turning.........................................................................................53
Figure 4.18 Effect of Bank Angle on Separation.....................................................................................54
Figure 4.19 Lead Turn ...........................................................................................................................55
Figure 4.20 Lead Turn to Weapons Parameters ......................................................................................56
Figure 4.21 Lead Turn Without Turning Room ......................................................................................57
Figure 4.22 Turning Away to Defeat Lead Turn .....................................................................................57
MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 1996
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Figure 4.23 Use of Vertical to Defeat Lead Turn ....................................................................................58
Figure 4.24 Denying Lead Turn Versus Inferior Performer.....................................................................59
Figure 4.25 Denying the Lead Turn Versus Superior Performer .............................................................60
Figure 4.26 Outside the Turn Circle .......................................................................................................61
Figure 4.27 Turn Circle Entry ................................................................................................................63
Figure 4.28 Check and Extend ...............................................................................................................64
Figure 4.29 Continuous Turn .................................................................................................................65
Figure 4.30 Vertical Fight Entry ............................................................................................................66
Figure 4.31 Closing for Guns .................................................................................................................66
Figure 4.32 Bid to Lag ...........................................................................................................................67
Figure 4.33 Bandit Reversals..................................................................................................................68
Figure 4.34 Forcing the Bandit Forward.................................................................................................69
Figure 4.35 Bandit Maneuvering Out-of-Plane .......................................................................................71
Figure 4.36 Separating Bandit................................................................................................................72
Figure 4.37 Bandit Bid to Lag ................................................................................................................72
Figure 4.38 Bandit Planform Views .......................................................................................................73
Figure 4.39 Continuous Turn Defense ....................................................................................................74
Figure 4.40 Guns Defense ......................................................................................................................75
Figure 4.41 Guns Jink ............................................................................................................................75
Figure 4.42 One Circle—Turn Rate/Radius Advantage ..........................................................................78
Figure 4.43 One Circle—Turn Rate Advantage ......................................................................................79
Figure 4.44 Two Circle—Turn Rate/Radius Advantage..........................................................................80
Figure 4.45 Two Circle—Sustained Turn Rate Advantage. (Energy advantage at this pass) ...................81
Figure 4.46 Off-Boresight Capable Adversary ........................................................................................82
Figure 4.47 Break Away.........................................................................................................................87
Figure 4.48 Break Into (Turn Into) .........................................................................................................88
Figure 4.49 Break Into (Turn Away) ......................................................................................................88
Figure 4.50 Straight Ahead Extension....................................................................................................89
Figure 4.51 Co-Flow Entry.....................................................................................................................91
Figure 4.52 Counter-Flow Entry.............................................................................................................92
Figure 4.53 Role Exchange ....................................................................................................................93
Figure 4.54 Sandwich ............................................................................................................................97
Figure 4.55 Early Switch........................................................................................................................98
Figure 4.56 Late Switch .........................................................................................................................98
Figure 4.57 Uncommitted Bandit ...........................................................................................................99
Figure 4.58 Break in Same Direction ...................................................................................................100
Figure 4.59 Cross-Turn/Hard-to-Six.....................................................................................................101
Figure 4.60 Cross-turn—Bandit Approaching/At Turn Circle ..............................................................102
Figure 4.61 Bandit Asymmetrically Positioned (Cross-Court)...............................................................102
Figure 4.62 Break in Same Direction (Asymmetric Bandit) ..................................................................103
Figure 4.63 Cross-turn/Hard-to-six (Asymmetric Bandit) .....................................................................104
Figure 4.64 Intercept Basics .................................................................................................................105
Figure 4.65 CATA ...............................................................................................................................107
Figure 4.66 Cues for Offset Turn..........................................................................................................108
Figure 4.67 Level I Pipper.....................................................................................................................111
Figure 4.68 Level II Pipper...................................................................................................................112
Figure 4.69 Level III Pipper .................................................................................................................113
Figure 4.70 Level IV Pipper .................................................................................................................114
Figure 4.71 Level V Pipper ..................................................................................................................115
Figure 4.72 Lateral Error—Aspect and TOF ........................................................................................117
Figure 4.73 Use of 1 G Pipper Against Maneuvering Targets ...............................................................118
Figure 5.1 Fuze Arm Warning .............................................................................................................121
Figure 5.2 Fuze Categories...................................................................................................................122
Figure 5.3 CCIP ...................................................................................................................................129

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