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640-821: The CCNA in Two-Parts
Proving your expertise in internetworking doesn't have to be hard. Cisco's latest exam
combination will let you obtain your CCNA credential in two steps.
A new path to Cisco Systems' CCNA, 640-821 allows you to achieve certification in two
small steps instead of one giant leap. You can now choose which path to take in obtaining
your CCNA. You can pass a single exam, 640-801. Or you can tackle two tests: 640-811,
the new ICND (Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices) exam and 640-821, INTRO.
The first of the two that Cisco suggests you tackle, and received 50 questions in 90
minutes with a passing score of 867. Even though this was the beta version of this exam,
a screen appeared prior to the test, which said, "This beta exam is in the late stages of
development and a score report will be provided." I received a traditional score report,
unlike any other beta I've ever taken.
I had three router simulators, many
multiple choice questions and a few drag-
and-drop items on my exam. Having
taken the CCNA 407, 507, 607 and 801
exams, I found this exam much easier. It
includes all my favorite topics; cable
types, IOS commands, the OSI model and
subnetting.
Exam
#640-821: Introduction to
Cisco Technologies
(INTRO)
Vendor
Cisco
Status
Current
The exam engine is slow when it comes to
switching between the simulator-based
questions and the standard multiple choice
questions. Patience is a must! For most
simulator-based questions, you're
presented with a router requirement and
required to configure one or more routers
and save and verify your work. The
simulator behaves very much like the real
thing and includes limited support for
abbreviated, editing and help commands.
Reviewer's
Rating
"This new exam will test
your knowledge of basic
router configuration, cable
types, IOS commands, the
OSI model and
subnetting."
Information
55 to 65 questions, 60
minute time limit. Cost:
$100 (U.S.).
Who Should
Take This
Exam?
Candidates for CCNA;
must take in conjuction
with 640-811 ICND exam.
The main topics from the objectives list
are: Design and Support, Implementation
and Operation and Technology. Exam
topics include: Network Types, Network
Media, Switching Fundamentals, TCP/IP,
IP Addressing and Routing, WAN
Technologies, Operating and Configuring
IOS Devices, and Managing Network Environments. In this article, I address many of
these topics under their main headings to help you prepare for this exam.
Objectives
Click
here
Test
Test
Design and Support
Under this general heading you'll find these topics: Use a subset of Cisco IOS commands
to analyze and report network problems; use embedded layer 3 through layer 7 protocols
to establish, test, suspend or disconnect connectivity to remote devices from the router
console; and determine IP addresses.
Knowing the basic Cisco Internetworking Operating System commands has traditionally
been up to one-third of the required knowledge for the aspiring CCNA. You should
become conversant with the commands listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Basic IOS commands used to establish, test, suspend or disconnect connectivity
to remote devices from the router console.
Show version
Display the IOS version and
configuration register value
Show ip
interface
Display the IP address and subnet
mask for an interface
Show running-
config
Display the contents of RAM
Show startup-
config
Display the contents of NVRAM
Resume
session
Connect to an existing telnet session
from the router's console
Exit
Leave a remote or local telnet or
console session
Ping
ip
address
Test connectivity
Traceroute
ip
address
Test path connectivity
Telnet
ip
address
Create remote connection
Tip
: When interpreting the output of the ping command, exclamation points (!!!!!)
represent echo replies and good connectivity.
Remember your OSI layer assignments for this exam.
Ping
and
tracert
are Network
layer (3) commands; telnet operates at the Application layer (7).
Implementation and Operation
Under this general heading you'll find these topics listed: establish communication
between a terminal device and the router IOS and use the IOS for system analysis;
manipulate system image and device configuration files; perform an initial configuration
on a router and save the resultant configuration file; use commands incorporated within
the IOS to analyze and report network problems; assign IP addresses; describe and install
the hardware and software required to be able to communicate via a network; and finally,
use embedded data link functionality to perform network neighbor discovery and analysis
from the router. Sounds like it's time for another table of commands!
To establish connectivity between a terminal device and the router's IOS, use an ASCII-
compliant terminal-emulation program such as HyperTerminal or Telnet.
Type the console or VTY line password for user access or enable and the enable
password for executive access.
See Table 2 below for IOS commands needed to manage connections, images and CDP.
Table 2.
IOS commands for system analysis, manipulating system image and device
configuration files, performing an initial configuration on a router and saving the
resultant configuration file, use commands incorporated within IOS to analyze and report
network problems and assigning IP addresses.
Show users or sessions
Display a list of connected users or open
sessions to the router's IOS
Copy TFTP Flash
Manipulate the system image (IOS) in flash
memory
Config terminal
Allow changes to the configuration file stored
in RAM
Line VTY 0 4, password
password
Configures telnet password
Line console 0,
password
password
Configures console line password
Copy running-config
startup-config
Save those changes to NVRAM
Interface
interface
name address mask
Assign IP address and mask to a router's
interface
Show CDP
Display Cisco Discovery Protocol (a layer 2
protocol) running configuration.
Tip
: The
boot system flash
command configures the router's IOS to look for the
IOS image in flash memory.
Technology
Under the final heading of Technology in the exam guide, you'll find a multitude of
topics. Let me address them by providing my list of "things to know."
First, binary, hex and decimal are all numbering systems you should be intimately
familiar with for this exam. Table 3 provides a conversion chart.
Table 3.
Binary, hex and decimal conversions.
Binary
Hex
Decimal
0000
0
0
0001
1
1
0010
2
2
0011
3
3
0100
4
4
0101
5
5
0110
6
6
0111
7
7
1000
8
8
1001
9
9
1010
A
10
1011
B
11
1100
C
12
1101
D
13
1110
E
14
1111
F
15
Computer network LAN topologies consist of bus, star and ring. In a bus and star
network topology, data travels from end to end. In a ring topology, data travels in a ring.
WAN topologies cover greater geographic distances and all data travels in a bit-by-bit
serial fashion.
Tip
: Data transmission flow control occurs with the help of buffering, windowing and
congestion avoidance.
In token ring networks, a token is passed around the network from device to device.
When a device has data to send, it must wait until it has the token before sending its data.
Tip
: To connect a network device to any one of these network types, you need at a
minimum a compatible network interface card and a connecting cable and protocol.
Network media includes wireless, twisted-pair and optical. Wireless uses no physical
connectors. Twisted-pair is still the most common. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
includes eight wires in four twisted pairs. Optical media includes fiber, which offers the
greatest distance of the three types. Table 4, below, shows the most common of the
twisted-pair wiring configurations.
Table 4.
Common wiring configurations.
Type
Use
Pin-Out
Straight-
thru
workstations connecting to
hubs, switches, routers
1-----1
2-----2
3-----3
4-----4
5-----5
6-----6
7-----7
8-----8
Crossover
workstation to workstation or
hub to hub and switch to switch
1-----3
2-----6
3-----1
4-----4
5-----5
6-----2
7-----7
8-----8
Rolled
workstation's serial port to router
console port
1-----8
2-----7
3-----6
4-----5
5-----4
6-----3
7-----2
8-----1
Tip:
Routers are responsible for switching and
routing of data packets.
Additional Information
Loads of resources on the market will
help you prepare and practice for
passing the CCNA exams. One such
favorite resource of mine is free,
authoritative and recommended by
many others:
Cisco.com
.
Once at Cisco.com, you'll want to
spend time with the reference guides
and technology white papers available
in the documentation site or CCO
(Cisco Connection Online) found
here
.
For the first set of exam objectives, I
recommend the "Internetworking
Technology Handbook" chapters 1-7
found
here
. Honestly, how much easier
and cheaper can it get? This resource
will help you keep the costs of your
studies down (along with many other
recommendations in the "IT
Certification on the Cheap" guide sold
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