YourCommodore_DiskUsersHandbook1987.pdf

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iv
1987
DISK USERS
HANDBOOK
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951561259.002.png
Your Commodore
Proudly Presents
On Sl a
20th October 1987
Available from newsagents and by mail-order from
Infonet Ltd, 5 River Park Estate, Berkhamsted, Herts HP4 1HL. Tel: 04427 76661/4 (E1.50 plus 50p p&p.)
951561259.003.png
Editor: Stuart Cooke
Assistant Editor: Sue
Joyce
Editorial Assistant:
Kirk Rutter
Advertisement
Manager: Stuart Taylor
Advertisement Copy
Control: Laura
Champion
Origination: Ebony
Typesetting
Design: Argus Design
Studio
CONTENTS
Beginners Start Here
Discover the benefits a disk drive can bring to your system.
4
Disk Commands
Understanding Direct Access Commands
7
Your Commodore
incorporating Your 64 is a
monthly magazine appearing
on the first Friday of each
month. Your Amiga is
published every second month
within the pages of Your
Commodore. Argus Specialist
Publications limited Editorial
& Advertisement Office, Your
Commodore, No 1 Golden
Square, London W1R 3AB.
Telephone: 01-437 0626 Telex:
8811896,
Subscription rates upon
application to Your
Commodore Subscriptions
Department, Infonet Ltd, 5
River Park Estate,
Berkhamsted, Herts, HP4
IHL,
Disk Editing
You can recover scratched files and much more when you can edit disks.
12
Track Sector Editor
How to make full use of your editor,
19
DIR Cover
Stop wasting time to fi nd a specific program
24
- create a handy check list
1541 Fast Loader
Speed up the notorious 1541 disk drive.
27
Menu Maker
Don't rely on memory - make a menu
31
ARGUS
PRESS
GROUP
T
h
f
vital information and programs for owners, and potential buyers, of
all Commodore disk drives.
If you are new to your disk drive then our beginners article will
supplement the manual and help you discover the joys of using a disk
drive. If you are a more advanced user, the article on disk commands
will expand your knowledge so that you can talk directly to the drive.
Learn how to read a directory from within Basic and much more.
For those readers wanting logo even jUrther with their disk drive we
give a detailed description of the disk structure and details of how to
use this information with a disk editor, including how to resurrect
scratched files.
The contents of this publication
including all articles, designs,
drawings and programs and all
copyright and other intellectual
property rights therein belong
to Argus Specialist Public.
ations Limited. All rights
conferred by the Law of
Copyright and other intellect-
ual property rights and by
virtue of international
copyright conventions are
specifically reserved to Argus
Specialist Publications
Limited and any reproduction
requires the prior written
consent of the Company.
198
7
The programs
As well as the articles already men turned, this supplement also holds a
variety of useful programs. Owners of the Commodore 1541 disk drive.
which has often been described as a lumbering hippo, can speed loading up
with our 1541 Fast Loader.
Should your appetite be whetted by our Disk Editing article then you can
type in our Track/Sector Editor and give it a whirl yourself
Should you have a large number of programs in your disk collection then
our last two programs will be invaluable. The first, DIR cover. will produce
your own disk library sleeves on your printer. The program is totally in
Basic and can therefore easily be altered to suit any printer.
The second program is a C64 menu generator. This will place a menu of
selected files on your disk. You can then use this menu to load any of the
selected programs with ease.
All in all, whatever your technical ability, the Your Commodore Disk
Users Handbook will provide you with something to suit your needs.
M
Distribution, 16-18 Trinity
Gardens, London SVII9 8DX.
Printed by Chase Web,
Plymouth. Opinions expressed
in reviews are the opinions of
the reviewers and not
necessarily those of the
magazine, While every effort is
made to thoroughly check
programmes published for
errors we cannot be held
responsible for any errors that
do occur.
DISK USERS HANDBOOK
:3
951561259.004.png
DISK GUIDE
Beginners
Start Here
If you're the proud owner of a disk drive, you'll already
be discovering the benefits it can bring to your system.
Read on for more info.
By Tony Hetherington
as damaging part of one could ruin the
whole disk. After all, 170k of data is a
lot to lose! The following tips are
worth following as they could save you
a lot of time and spare you a lot of
inconvenience.
I Only touch the plastic sleeves and
handle disks gently at all times. A bent
disk is a ruined disk.
2 When you're not using a disk keep it
stored in its cardboard (or heavy
paper) sleeve and preferably in a
plastic disk box.
3 Keep disks away from bright
sunlight, cigarette smoke, coffee, dust,
telephones, monitors and the top of
the disk drive or other sources of
magnetic fields.
4 Don't take a disk out of the drive
when the red light is on as this means
the drive is reading or writing
information and could cause you
horrendous problems.
5 Always ensure that you take disks
out of your drive before you switch it
off as you run the risk of losing
everything on it.
C
o
processors, databases and spreadsheets
are disk based.
t
bought a disk drive, then you're at last
free of the frustration of waiting 15-20
minutes for a game to load. At last you
can load and save your own
programmes in seconds and can access
the huge. library of disk-based
software. If you haven't already added
a disk drive to your system but are
wondering whether it would be
worthwhile, then read on as we delve
into the delights that lie ahead.
Apart from the considerable
reductions in loading time, which is
worthwhile on its own, a disk based
system means you can now use bigger
programs as although they can't use
the whole of the' disk storage space
(about 170K) at the same time
information can be loaded in as and
when required. If you don't think
170K is enough you could run tip to
four disk drives from your C64 at any
one time or store your data on more
than one disk.
Finally, a disk based system is a lot
more flexible than a cassette because as
there is two
.
What is a disk?
A disk is a fl at disc of magnetic
material made from a thicker version
of the material used to make cassette
tpes. The disk is then sandwiched
between two sheets of special material
that gently cleans any dirt off. as it
spins in the disk drive. This is then
sealed in a plastic cover to protect it
from scratching, and any dirt, grime
and grease that could damage the disk
by handling it.
The plastic sleeve has several
cutout sections which allows the disk
drives head to read the information on
the disk, slots to guide the disk to the
coorrect place in the drive and a write-
protect notch or hole. The drive senses
the hole and allows new information to
be written to the disk. Since this can
mean writing over important data you
can 'write protect' a disk by sticking a
table over the notch. This tell the drive
to stop any commands that would
write on the disk. Most blank disks are
supplied with a sheet of write protect
labels.
It's worth taking care of your disks
tion
between your C64 and the disk drive,
any piece of information on a disk can
be quickly read, altered and rewritten
in a few seconds. This is why nearly all
business software such as word
Disks are supplied in a variety of
forms and are labelled to show the
amount of information that can be
stored on them. All disks are
DISK USERS HANDBOOK
4
951561259.005.png
DISK GUIDE
manufactured to be 'double dided,
double density' and are then tested for
quality. If they fail these stringent
quality control tests, they are then
down graded to single-sided, double-
density or double-sided single-density,
The Commodore 1541 disk drive only
requires single sided, single density
(SS,SD) disks which means you don't
have to waste money on extra quality
you won't need.
As mentioned before all disks are
originally manufactured to the double-
sided and so you can buy a small device
known as a disk notcher (for around
f.5) that will cut a second write protect
notch into the disk so you can then use
the other side! Obviously, there are no
guarantees that this extra side will
always read and write data perfectly
but knowing it can be used is useful to
know.
When you buy a disk it is a
completely blank disk of magnetic
material and so must be prepared for
use with your C64. This is required
since the same disk could have been
bought by someone to use in a IBM or
an Atari computer. Therefore, the first
thing you must do is prepare or format
it for use.
To format a blank disk place it
in the disk driveandshut thedoor then
type in the following command.
OPENL8,15,"NO:diskname,ID"
the circumference of a disk is wider at
the outside than the inside there are
more blocks on the outer than the
inner tracks.
Each block can contain 256
characters of information although the
first two characters are used by the
drive to point to the next block where
information is stored. Once each block
has been created the drive tests it and
then fi nally adds a directory in the
centre of the disk which contains a list
of all files or programmes stored on the
disk and a Block Availability Map
which helps the drive snot new
information into empty blocks.
When this process is completed the
drive will stop and the disk will be
ready to use.
As you might imagine, formatting
a disk wipes all information that was
stored on the disk so you should be
careful that you don't format any disks
that contain information you still need
and NEVER format a disk containing
a commercial program.
memory. Then type RUN to start it.
OR type
Load "*".8
which loads the first program on the
disk into memory.
OR
LOAD"*",8,1
loads the first program on the disk into
the same memory locations it was
saved from. .This is the command you
will use most for commercial
programs which usually start
automatically.
OR
LOAD"0:*",8, I
This ensures that the first program on
the disk is loaded in. Occasionally
Load"*".8.1, if used a kw times will
load in the next program on disk.
The command Load "$".8 loads in
the disk directory that can be displayed
by typing LIST which shows all the
files that are stored on the disk.
To SAVE a program simply type
SAVE"0:name",8.
You will only need to use this if
you're going to write and use your own
programs as commercial programs
have their own save routines but you
will still need to ensure that you have a
formatted disk ready for use.
The asterik (*) which can be used in
loading commands replaces any
number of characters. The command
LOAD"*',, I loads in the fi rst
program on the disk as the * replaces
the filename. You can also use to save
your typing fi nger and load in fi les
further down the directory. For
example, if there was a program called
HOW TO USE THIS you could load it
in by simply typing the command
LOAD"HOW*",8.1 as long as there
wasn't another program listed above
this one in the directory called HOW
WON.
Device Numbers
The format and Load and Save
commands include the device number
8. This tells the C64 which input or
output device the information should
be read or writ tcn to. The C64 uses the
following device numbers.
1 datasette
2 - keyboard (input only)
3 - Screen
4t67 - Printers (usually 4)
8tol1 - disk drives.
Most people will only use one disk
drive which is automatically set to
device number 8. However, if you have
a second drive (or third and fourth)
and want to use it at the same time you
will have to give it another device
number (usually 9).
You can do this in two ways either
bv altering the hardware or a simpler
way is to type in and run the program
in the manual.
This command tells the processor
inside the disk drive to open
communications channel I (this can be
any of 15) to device number eight (the
disk drive). The IS tells the drive that
the rest of the command is an
instruction for the whole disk and tells
it to format the disk and give it the
name diskname which is followed by
the disk ID. The ID is a two letter or
number identity code to distinguish
the disk from other disks with the same
name, For example, you could name a
whole series of disks Tony.01,
Tony.02. Tony,03 and Sc) on.
Therefore the command to name a
disk Tony.01 would be..
File Types
OPEN1.8,15,"NO:Tony,01"
This should then be followed by
CLOSE! to close the number I
command channel.
When this command is entered, the
disk drive will whirr into action and
the red light will flash on and oft. This
will take a few minutes as the drive has
a lot to do. First of all, it creates 35
circular tracks on the disk and divides
these into sectors or blocks. Because
As mentioned above. typing
LOAD"S",8 then LIST displays the
disk directory on screen. As you can
see from these examples there are four
different types of disk fi le.
The program tile which appears as
PRC1 in the directory listing is
probably the most common fi le that
you will come across. A program tile is
exactly what its name suggest, a
program that You have scored on disk.
Loading and saving
Now you have prepared or formatted a
disk for use or have bought a
commercial program you will want to
load and save programs.
To load a program simply type.LA "a".8
which loads the name program into
DISK USERS HANDBOOK
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