Ch3.pdf

FM 34-1

CHAPTER 3

FORCE PROJECTION OPERATIONS

If I always appear prepared, it is because before entering on an

undertaking, I have meditated for long and foreseen what may

occur.

—Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821

In the force projection era, the Army relies largely on a CONUS-based force with a relatively

small forward presence that can rapidly project combat power anywhere in the world. IEW

provides the commander with the intelligence he needs to successfully plan and execute force

projection operations. As stated in Chapter 1, IEW support to force projection operations rests on

the understanding of five principles: the commander drives intelligence, intelligence

synchronization, split-based operations, tactical tailoring, and broadcast dissemination. These

principles, executed in joint, combined, or interagency environments, are critical to successful

force projection operations.

PEACETIME IEW OPERATIONS

Successful IEW support during force projection operations relies on continuous

peacetime information collection and intelligence production. Peacetime IEW

operations support contingency planning and develop baseline knowledge of

multiple potential threats and operational environments. They engage and

challenge the Intelligence BOS to respond effectively to the commanders’

contingency planning intelligence requirements. During peacetime,

commanders conduct critical examinations of Ml force structures, operations,

and training. These examinations ultimately lead to a mission-ready IEW force

which supports the needs of the commander, and meets the key force

projection imperatives of flexibility, scalability, and tailorability.

Peacetime IEW operations are particularly important to corps and division

commanders. In force projection operations, the Army force (ARFOR) in the

joint force will be drawn largely from CONUS-based corps and divisions. In

addition, a corps or division commander could also be appointed the ARFOR or

JTF commander. Corps and division commanders must, therefore, be prepared

not only to provide the ARFOR to the JTF but also to assume the duties of the

ARFOR or JTF commander. Both responsibilities require the commander to

place additional emphasis on intelligence readiness. The corps and division

commanders need intelligence to support contingency-based training and

planning. They need the broad understanding of the operational environment

of the contingency area that comes from continuous interaction with higher

echelon and joint intelligence organizations. Commanders must focus and

drive the intelligence system daily to ensure this support is available and that

their forces and staffs are ready to conduct force projection operations.

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IEW AND THE STAGES OF FORCE PROJECTION

IEW supports the eight stages of force projection operations.

Mobilization.

Predeployment activity.

Deployment.

Entry operations.

Operations.

War termination and postconflict operations.

Redeployment and reconstitution.

Demobilization.

These stages are not necessarily distinct or sequential and therefore present the

commander with planning and execution challenges. Intelligence personnel

and organizations must be prepared to assist the commander in overcoming

these challenges.

IEW operations must anticipate, identify, consider, and evaluate all potential

threats to the force as a whole throughout force projection operations. This is

especially critical during the deployment and entry operations stages of force

projection. During these stages, US Forces are particularly vulnerable to threat

actions. Intelligence personnel must, therefore, emphasize the delivery of I&W

products that indicate a basic change to the nature of US operations in theater.

Mobilization:

Mobilization is the process by which the Armed Forces or part of them are

brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. The

Army Mobilization and Operations Planning and Execution System (AMOPES)

and FM 100-17 provide guidance for mobilization of assets for contingencies

and large protracted conflicts or wars. To prepare for and execute

mobilization, commanders and G2s (S2s) should consider the following:

In peacetime, Active Component (AC) and Reserve Components (RC) units

plan, train, and prepare to accomplish mobilization and deployment

tasks. MI units establish habitual training relationships with their

supported AC and RC units as well as higher echelon intelligence

organizations as identified in existing OPLANs.

Force requirements are identified in OPLANs and concept plans. Reserve

augmentation programs organize and integrate AC and RC MI units to

meet the requirements in these plans. Individual manpower

requirements for military, civilian, and contractor personnel are also

identified.

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Selected RC MI units and individuals are alerted then proceed to

designated mobilization stations.

At higher echelons, mobilization prompts MI units that are consolidated

for training to detach their assets to deploying forces.

Mobilization stations and parent units will begin providing current

intelligence to their RC units as mobilization begins.

Predeployment Activity:

Predeployment activity provides the foundation for subsequent force projection

operations. During this stage, commanders ensure AC and RC MI organizations

are trained and equipped to conduct IEW operations. Commanders integrate

mobilization and deployment tasks into unit METL and training. Commanders

also emphasize and integrate critical aspects of force projection into battle tasks

and planning.

In planning force projection operations, the commander establishes intelligence

requirements which direct peacetime intelligence operations supporting

contingency planning. Key contingency planning ingredients are to stay out

front in intelligence planning by developing broad baseline knowledge on

contingency areas, and to understand how to get intelligence support. As

OPLANs are activated, the commander focuses on intelligence to support

specific mission decisions and planning requirements. In addition, the

commander begins planning for the crossover point in intelligence when initial

reliance on higher echelon intelligence is replaced by tactical IEW assets within

the AO. See Figure 3-1.

The G2 (S2) supports peacetime contingency planning with IPB products and

data bases on likely contingency areas. The OPLAN identifies the IEW

requirements supporting that plan, to include--

Identification of MI units providing IEW support, both in and outside the

Command and support relationships of collection assets (agencies and

systems) at each echelon.

Report and request procedures not covered in unit tactical standing

operating procedures.

Sequence of deployment of MI personnel and equipment. Early

deployment of key MI personnel and equipment is essential for force

protection and combat readiness. Composition of initial and follow-on

deploying IEW assets is influenced by MEIT-T, availability of

communications, availability of lift, and ability of the national collection

system to support the operation.

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Communications architecture supporting both intelligence staffs and

collection assets. Signal commands must be involved in communications

planning.

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Friendly vulnerabilities to hostile intelligence threats and plans for

conducting OPSEC, deception, and other force protection measures.

MDCI personnel must begin this type of planning as early as possible to

ensure adequate force protection of deploying and initial entry forces.

The OPLAN also establishes collection strategies and plans that will activate

upon alert notification. For smooth transition from predeployment to entry,

intelligence staffs must coordinate collection and communications plans before

the crisis occurs.

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The G2 (S2) and MI units must continually monitor and update their OPLANs to

reflect the evolving situation, especially during crisis situations. National

intelligence activities monitor regional threats throughout the world and can

answer some intelligence requirements supporting the development of OPLANs.

The commander and G2 (S2) must be proactive in focusing national and theater

intelligence on emerging requirements.

Upon alert notification, intelligence staffs update estimates and IPB products

needed to support command decisions on force composition, deployment

priorities and sequence, and the AO. At the strategic level, planners use the

updated IPB products to assist in developing the logistics preparation of the

theater plan which attempts to minimize requirements for strategic lift and

maximize the in-theater support capabilities. MI organizations at all echelons

reassess their collection requirements immediately after alert notification.

Collection managers begin verifying planning assumptions within the OPLANs.

MDCI and other IEW personnel provide force protection support to optimize

OPSEC and antiterrorism measures.

Throughout the predeployment and deployment stages, intelligence activities

provide deploying forces with the most recent intelligence on the AO. G2 (S2)

and MI units also update technical data bases and situation graphics.

Deployment:

Success in force projection operations hinges on the capability of airlift and

sealift assets to move forces to the AO, as well as the timely deployment of air-

and seaport transportation, terminal, and deployment control units. The size

and composition of forces requiring lift are based on METT-T, the availability of

pre-positioned assets, the capabilities of host nation support, and the

forward-presence of US Forces. Force or tactical tailoring is the process used to

determine what is the correct mix and sequence of deploying units.

One of the first tailored IEW assets to deploy with the force G2 (S2) is the DISE.

The DISE is the initial forward intelligence support team of split-based

operations. The mission of the DISE is to provide the deployed commander

accurate, detailed, continuous, and timely intelligence in support of the rapid

introduction of US Forces. Depending on the size and mission of the deployed

force, the DISE may be the only MI asset actually deployed in-country to support

the G2 (S2). In large operations, the DISE may deploy with and support the

early entry force G2 (S2) until the complete processing capability of the unit’s

ACE arrives. Once the ACE is in place, the DISE rejoins the ACE, moves forward

to support the tactical command post, or moves to wherever its capabilities may

be required. The two types of tailorable DISE configurations are the Mini-DISE

(manportable packages), and DISE (vehicular). Together, these DISE

configurations provide the commander with a robust intelligence capability in

support of a deploying force. Figure 3-2 provides an example of two possible

initial entry packages.

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