Unix System Administration Handbook.pdf

SYSTEM INFORMATION

COMMON COMMAND EXAMPLES

TOKENS USED IN SENDMAIL.CF

Hostname

ifconfig plumb # Solaris: probe for network interfaces

ifconfig lo0 127.0.0.1 up # Loopback interface

ifconfig en0 inet 128.130.240.1 up netmask

0xFFFFFF00 broadcast 128.130.240.255

Token Debug Meaning

Match zero tokens (V8 only)

Match exactly one token

Internet (IP) address

Match one or more tokens

route add net 128.130.138.0 128.130.240.12 1

route add default 128.130.240.12 1

# BSD/OS and OSF/1 use –net and –host and no metric

route add – net 128.130.138.0 128.130.240.12

route add default 128.130.240.12

Match zero or more tokens

$ X

Match value of macro variable X

$& X

Match value of X at run time

$= X

^S X

Match any token in class X

Ethernet address

$~ X

^T X

Match any token not in class X

netstat –rn # Routing table (numeric addresses)

netstat en0 5 # Monitor en0 at 5-second intervals

netstat –in

–

The Debug column shows the tokens as they will be printed

by sendmail in address test mode (sendmail -bt).

# Interfaces (numeric addresses)

Hub and port numbers

dump 0uf /dev/nrst0 /users # Level 0 dump

dump 0f – /usr | (cd /mnt; restore rvf –) # Copy

DNS RECORD TYPES

tar cf – ./from | (cd todir; tar xvfp –) # Copy dir

Type Syntax

SOA zone [ ttl ] IN SOA primary admin serial

refresh retry expire min

NS zone [ ttl ] IN NS host

A hostname [ ttl ] IN A ipaddr

PTR ipaddr [ ttl ] IN PTR hostname

MX hostname [ ttl ] IN MX pref host …

CNAME nickname [ ttl ] IN CNAME hostname

Emergency contact person

# Find object files larger than 1MB not accessed in a year

find /users –type f –name "*.o" –size +1048576c

–atime +365 –print

# List all C source files sorted by number of lines

find . –name "*.c" –exec wc –l {} \; | sort –nr

# A more efficient version

find . –name "*.c" –print | xargs wc –l | sort –nr

Boot command

hostname [ ttl ] IN RP admin txt

# Run in daemon mode, process queue every 30 min

sendmail –bd –q30m

# Run in address test mode with a new config file

sendmail –bt –C/etc/sendmail.cf.new

TXT

name [ ttl ] IN TXT text …

Disk partitions, tape drives, etc.

In SOA, primary is the IP address of the primary name server,

and admin is the email address of the administrator with the

@ replaced by a period.

The last four values are timeouts in seconds. Secondaries

check in every refresh seconds; if the primary cannot be

contacted, the secondaries try again every retry seconds.

After expire seconds, a secondary will stop trying. min is the

default time-to-live ( ttl ) for all records.

We suggest the following values:

refresh 21600 (6 hours)

retry 1800 (30 minutes)

expire 1209600 (2 weeks)

min 432000 (5 days)

In RP, admin is the administrator’s email address (similarly

encoded), and txt is the name of a TXT record (or set of TXT

records) that contains further information.

Remember to update the SOA’s serial eld whenever you

modify a zone’s conguration les.

ps –axu # User-oriented output in BSD (slow)

ps –axl # Technical output in BSD (fast)

ps –ef # User-oriented output in System V

ps –efl # Technical output in System V

SENDMAIL RULESET ORDER

START

Envelope

A Prentice Hall book by Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott

Seebass, and Trent R. Hein. ISBN 0-13-151051-7

Information and on-line orders: http://www.admin.com/

Headers

SUGGESTED HARDWARE VENDORS

DB-25 TO DB-25 RS-232 CONNECTIONS

CONTROLLING RUNNING PROCESSES

This is a table of network hardware vendors that we still

trust, recommend, and use ourselves today. We have no

association or connection with any of these vendors.

Legend

Straight

Nulled

Proc

Operation

Command

cron

Reread crontab (BSD)

kill -HUP pid

Frame ground

Transmitted data

Received data

Request to send

Clear to send

Data set ready

Signal ground

Data carrier detect

Data terminal ready

RTS

CTS

DSR

DCD

DTR

gated Reread cong le

Dump current state

Graceful shutdown

Toggle tracing

Check net interfaces

kill -HUP pid

kill -INT pid

kill -TERM pid

kill -USR1 pid

kill -USR2 pid

Vendor

State Telephone

Cables and connectors

AMP

(800) 522-6752

Anixter

(708) 677-2600

inetd

Reread cong le

kill -HUP pid

Belden Cable

(319) 983-5200

init

(BSD)

Go to single-user mode

Reread terminal cong

kill -TERM 1

kill -HUP 1

Black Box Corporation

(412) 746-5500

Krone

(800) 992-9901

MINI DIN-8/DB-9 STRAIGHT CABLES

init

(Sys V)

Go to single-user mode

Change run level

Reread inittab le

telinit S

telinit level

telinit -q

Lan-Tech

(303 695-9473

Newark Electronics

(312) 784-5100

The Siemon Company

(203) 274-2523

DIN-8 DB-9 DB-25 Signal and function

named Reread cong les

Dump DB and cache

Dump stats

Dump stats (some OSs)

Dump database les

Increment debug level

Turn off debugging

Toggle query logging

kill -HUP pid

kill -INT pid

kill -IOT pid

kill -ABRT pid

kill -TERM pid

kill -USR1 pid

kill -USR2 pid

kill -WINCH pid

Test equipment

Fluke

TD Transmitted data

(800) 323-5700

RD Received data

The Siemon Company

(203) 274-2523

RTS Request to send

Wavetek

(800) 854-2708

CTS Clear to send

Repeaters and hubs

Allied Telesis

–

DSR Data set ready

(415) 964-2771

4,8

Signal ground

DCD Data carrier detect

Cabletron

(603) 332-9400

DTR Data terminal ready

Routers

Cisco Systems

(415) 326-1941

USEFUL INTERNET SITES

FOUR-PAIR UTP WIRING FOR RJ-45

PINOUTS FOR SERIAL CONNECTORS

Pair Colors

Wired to

Diagram

Category URL

Software ftp://ftp.uu.net/

ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/

ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/

Sysadmin http://www.usenix.org/

http://www.ora.com/

Banking http://www.wellsfargo.com/

http://www.mastercard.com/

http://www.bofa.com/

Consumer goods http://www.internet.net/

http://internet-plaza.net/

http://www.hot.presence.com/

http://www.cdnow.com/

White/Blue

Pins 4/5

TOP

RJ-45

DB-9 (male)

White/Orange Pins 3/6

White/Green

Pins 1/2

White/Brown

Pins 7/8

Top

View

a. This scheme reects the TIA/EIA-568A standard.

1 2 3 4 5

DISK BLOCK SIZES

System

quot

Mini DIN-8 (male)

DB-25 (male)

Solaris 2.4

512 a

1024

Travel

http://www.goalamo.com/

http://www.vegas.com/

http://www.travelweb.com/

HP-UX 9.0

1024

2048 b

IRIX 5.2

512 a

1024

SunOS 4.1.3

1024

Shipping

http://www.ups.com/

http://www.fedex.com/

DEC’s OSF/1 2.0

512 a

1024

BSD/OS 2.0

512 c

1024

–

Government

http://www.odci.gov/

http://www.uspto.gov/

a. You can get 1K blocks with the -k option.

b. True only with quot -h .

c. Uses environment variable BLOCKSIZE , if dened.

Weather

http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/

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