PENGUIN READERS Level 5 The Story of the Internet.pdf

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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2JE, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world.
Contents
page
vii
ISBN 0 582 43047 X
Introduction
First published 20(H)
Chapter 1
Sputnik
1
Second impression 2000
Copyright © Stephen Bryant 2000
Chapter 2
The First Computer Network
3
Chapter 3
To the Internet
20
Typeset by Ferdinand Pageworks, London
Set in ll/14pt Bembo
Printed in Spain by Mateu Cromo, S. A. Pinto (Madrid)
Chapter 4
The Personal Computer
26
Chapter 5
The World Wide Web
41
47
Chapter 6
Netscape
Yahoo! -A Guide to Everything
Chapter 7
58
Chapter 8
The Future
65
Published by Pearson Education Limited in association with
Penguin Books Ltd, both companies being subsidiaries of Pearson Pk
Activities
69
For a complete list of the titles available in the Penguin Readers series please write to your local
Pearson Education office or to: Marketing Department, Penguin Longman Publishing,
5 Bentinck Street, London W1M 5RN.
Business Wordlist
accountant
a person who reports the finances of a
company
an offer to do work, provide a service or pay
a particular price for something
part of a large organization, often a shop or
an office
money that helps to build a new business
a person who gives business advice
a big company
to increase or grow
a person with special knowledge of a subject
a connection or a relationship between
people, organizations, ideas or things
money that has been lent
to try to come to an agreement with another
person
a system that connects people, organizations
or things together
a business aim
a business that is owned by two or more
people
a piece of work that needs knowledge, skill
and planning
to print something and offer it for sale to the
public
to tell someone to leave their job
a piece of paper that says you own a part of a
company
a place where people buy and sell shares
to buy and sell
bid
branch
capital
consultant
corporation
to expand
expert
link
loan
negotiate
network
objective
partnership
project
publish
sack
share
stock exchange
trade
Introduction
'This software's going to change everything. Soon everyone will be using
it' Marc Andreessen said to John Doerr. John often heard claims like this.
His job was finding finance for new companies. So every day he met
people who were confident that their ideas were going to change the world
and make millions of dollars in the process. But Marc and his plan were
different.
Marc was only twenty-three years old, but already he had a good
reason to be confident. A few months before, he had written a program
called Mosaic. Now two million people were using it.
At the time when Marc Andreessen said that his software was
going to change everything, the Internet was just a hobby for
most of the people who used it. People said that no one made
money from the Internet. But before there were roads, people
had said that you could not make money from cars. They had said
that you could not sell telephones 'when there was no one to call.
In 1994, Marc Andreessen was one of the few people who saw
the commercial possibilities of the Internet. His company,
Netscape, allowed ordinary people to take advantage of a
technology that, until then, had only been used by scientists and
engineers.
The Internet began as a very small part of America's struggle
with the Soviet Union in the Cold War. But it starts the twenty-
first century as the technology that will change the lives of almost
every person on the planet. This is its story.
vii
Chapter 1 Sputnik
Until the evening of 4 October 1957, the US President, Dwight
D. Eisenhower, was confident that he led the world's greatest
nation. In the USA, the early 1950s are known as the Eisenhower
years. Many Americans remember these years as a time of wealth
and happiness. The USA was the richest nation in the world and
it was growing richer all the time. Almost every American could
hope to own a house and a car. As a general, Eisenhower had led
US armed forces to victory in the Second World War and, until
that evening in 1957, it seemed that no other nation could
threaten the USA.
But then some news arrived that shook America's belief in
itself: 'The Russians are in space! The Russians are in space!' Until
this moment Americans believed that their nation was the most
powerful on Earth. But now the Soviet Union had gone beyond
the Earth.
Millions of radios all over the world could hear a new
broadcast: 'Beep ... beep ... beep ...' This electronic noise was
the sound of the satellite Sputnik 1, the first object placed in
space by humans. It was a Russian achievement and it shocked
Americans.
This was the time of the Cold War. The Soviet Union was
America's great enemy, and soldiers from both sides stood ready
to fight in almost every part of the world. The risk of real fighting
— a 'hot' war — was always present. But the Cold War was not just
about armies and weapons. It was also a war of technology and
ideas. Each side presented its successes in science and technology
as proof that its political system was better.
So when the Soviet Union sent its little silver satellite up into
1

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