FM 34-60 Counterintelligence.pdf

FIELD MANUAL

NO. 34-60

*FM 34-60

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 3 October 1995

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 34-60, 5 February 1990.

FM 34-60

FM 34-60

PREFACE

This field manual (FM) provides guidance to commanders, counterintelligence (CI) agents,

and analysts. The first four chapters provide information to the commander and staff while the

remainder provides the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) required to aggressively

identify, neutralize, and exploit foreign intelligence attempts to conduct operations against the

United States (US) Army.

CI supports Army operations by providing a clear picture of the threat to commands at all

echelons and actions required to protect the force from exploitation by foreign intelligence. CI

operations include conducting investigations, offensive and defensive operations, security and

vulnerability analyses, and intelligence collection in peace and at all levels of conflict to support

command needs.

CI supports the total intelligence process by focusing on foreign intelligence collection

efforts. CI is designed to provide commanders the enemy intelligence collection situation and

targeting information in order to counter foreign intelligence service (FIS) activities. CI is an

integral part of the US Army’s all-source intelligence capability.

By its nature, CI is a multidiscipline effort that includes counter-human intelligence

(C-HUMINT), counter-signals intelligence (C-SIGINT), and counter-imagery intelligence

(C-IMINT) designed to counter foreign all-source collection. The CI force in conjunction with

other intelligence assets must have the capability to detect all aspects of intelligence collection

and related activities that pose a threat to the security of Army operations, personnel, and

materiel. Through its database (friendly and adversary) and analytical capability, CI provides

sound recommendations, which if implemented, will result in the denial of information to the

threat.

It should be noted that any decision regarding the implementation of CI recommendations

aimed at denying collection opportunities to the adversary is a command decision. The

commander may decide to accept the risk of enemy collection in favor of time, resources, or

other higher priority considerations. At that point, the CI mission is considered to be successful

because it is a tool of the commander.

This manual is designed for use by commanders and their staffs; all military intelligence

(Ml) commanders, their staffs, and trainers; and Ml personnel at all echelons. It applies equally

to the Active Army, United States Army Reserve (USAR), and Army National Guard (ARNG). It

is also intended for commanders and staffs of joint and combined commands, United States

Naval and Marine Forces, units of the US Air Force, and the military forces of allied countries.

Provisions of this manual are subject to international Standardization Agreements

(STANAGs) 2363 and 2844 (Edition Two). When amendment, revision, or cancellation of this

publication affects or violates the international agreements concerned, the preparing agency will

take appropriate reconciliation action through international standardization channels.

iii

FM 34-60

The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Intelligence Center and Fort

Huachuca. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes

to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, US Army Intelligence Center and Fort

Huachuca, ATTN: ATZS-TDL-D, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-6000.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer

exclusively to men.

FM 34-60

This chapter implements STANAG 2844 (Edition Two)

Chapter 1

MISSION AND STRUCTURE

GENERAL

Threat intelligence services have the capability to conduct continuous

collection against the US Army during peacetime, operations other than

war (OOTW), and during war itself. The intelligence that results from

these operations provides a significant advantage to threat forces, and

could easily result in increased US casualties on the battlefield.

Fortunately, there are many actions we can take to counter threat

intelligence efforts and to provide force protection to all US Army units.

The most dramatic of these actions are designed to neutralize enemy

collection. These actions include—

Using field artillery to destroy ground-based enemy signals

intelligence (SIGINT) collectors.

Conducting sophisticated C-HUMINT operations in a foreign city long

before overt hostilities commence.

Employing direct fire weapon systems to destroy enemy

reconnaissance. Brigades conducting defensive operations at the

National Training Center often commit a tank-infantry company team

to provide counterreconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and

target acquisition (C-RISTA) protection.

While not as flashy, routine security procedures provide crucial force

protection. These procedures include but are not limited to—

Personnel security, to include background investigations, will ensure

all personnel who have access to sensitive or classified information

will fully protect it.

Information security, particularly in regard to handling classified and

compartmented information, will be a challenging field in the future

considering the ease with which information can be copied and

transmitted in an increasingly automated Army.

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