British Literature & American Literature - 213p.pdf
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British Literature & American Literature
British Literature
&
American Literature
BY LEILA BORGES
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SUMMARY
THE OLD ENGLISH MAP..............................................................................................................................6
USEFUL INFORMATION TO STUDY LITERATURE ........................................................................................8
Taking Notes ..........................................................................................................................................8
Essay Planning......................................................................................................................................10
Case against censorship.......................................................................................................................11
Case for censorship..............................................................................................................................11
How to Summarize...............................................................................................................................11
Some extra tips ....................................................................................................................................13
Qualities of a character........................................................................................................................14
Author’s tone .......................................................................................................................................15
ANALYSING FICTION / LITERARY TERMS..................................................................................................17
WHAT IS LITERATURE? .............................................................................................................................18
Literary dictionary................................................................................................................................18
Forms of literature ...............................................................................................................................18
Poetry...............................................................................................................................................18
Drama...............................................................................................................................................19
Essays ...............................................................................................................................................19
Prose fiction .....................................................................................................................................20
Other prose literature......................................................................................................................20
Genres of literature .............................................................................................................................21
Literary genre...................................................................................................................................21
Subgenres ........................................................................................................................................21
Important terms for poetry .................................................................................................................22
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .......................................................................................29
History and Structure of the English Language ...................................................................................31
General Considerations ...................................................................................................................31
Origins and Basic Characteristics .....................................................................................................33
Characteristics of Modern English ...................................................................................................34
Phonology ....................................................................................................................................34
Historical Background ..................................................................................................................35
Vocabulary ...................................................................................................................................35
Old English .......................................................................................................................................37
Middle English..................................................................................................................................38
The history of England from the Norman invasion encapsulates all the major trends of the times. .40
The Norman Kings............................................................................................................................40
Henry II.............................................................................................................................................41
Magna Carta.....................................................................................................................................41
Edward I ...........................................................................................................................................42
The 1300’s ........................................................................................................................................43
The Lancasters .................................................................................................................................45
The Wars of the Roses .....................................................................................................................46
LITERARY PERIODS OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE ‐ SUMMARY............................................47
Periods of British Literature.................................................................................................................47
Literary Periods of American Literature ..............................................................................................50
INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH LITERATURE ................................................................................................52
Anglo Saxon‐literature .........................................................................................................................52
Poetry...............................................................................................................................................52
Prose ................................................................................................................................................53
Beowulf ............................................................................................................................................54
I
Old English Poetry........................................................................................................................55
Plot Overview...............................................................................................................................55
Characters ....................................................................................................................................56
Who wrote Beowulf? ...................................................................................................................58
The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial ..........................................................................................................59
Politics and Warfare.....................................................................................................................59
Christian Colouring in Beowulf ....................................................................................................61
Middle English Literature.....................................................................................................................62
Geoffrey Chaucer .............................................................................................................................65
John Gower ..................................................................................................................................68
The vision concerning piers the plowman. ..................................................................................68
The Wiclifite Bible ........................................................................................................................69
Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ..............................................................................................74
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales .............................................................................................................75
Chaucer's Linguistic..........................................................................................................................76
Literary .........................................................................................................................................76
Chaucer's English .............................................................................................................................76
The general prologue.......................................................................................................................77
The Wife of Bath's Tale ........................................................................................................................93
The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe (with the translation) ......................................................93
Comments......................................................................................................................................113
The wife of Bath’s Prologue.......................................................................................................114
The Wife of Bath’s tale...............................................................................................................114
Theme ........................................................................................................................................115
The English Literature as a part of General Medieval European Literature..............................116
Literature in the three languages. .............................................................................................116
Religious Literature ....................................................................................................................117
Secular Literature.......................................................................................................................117
The Romances................................................................................................................................118
Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. .............................................................................................120
The End of The Middle Ages. About 1350 to about 1500 .................................................................121
The first fifty years. Political and social conditions. ......................................................................121
'Mandeville's Voyage' ........................................................................................................................122
The Fifteenth Century. .......................................................................................................................122
The 'popular' ballads......................................................................................................................122
Sir Thomas Malory and his 'Morte Darthur.' .................................................................................123
William Caxton and the introduction of printing to England, 1476 ..............................................124
The Medieval Drama......................................................................................................................125
The Sixteenth Century. The Renaissance and the Reign of Elizabeth ...............................................128
The Renaissance.............................................................................................................................128
The Reformation ............................................................................................................................130
Sir Thomas More and his 'Utopia'..................................................................................................131
The English Bible and Books of Devotion. .....................................................................................131
Wyatt and Surrey and the new poetry. .........................................................................................132
The Elizabethan Period ......................................................................................................................133
Prose fiction ...................................................................................................................................134
Edmund Spenser, 1552‐1599.........................................................................................................135
Elizabethan lyric poetry .................................................................................................................138
The sonnets....................................................................................................................................139
John Donne and the beginning of the 'metaphysical' poetry........................................................139
II
The influence of classical comedy and tragedy .............................................................................140
The chronicle‐history play .............................................................................................................140
John Lyly.........................................................................................................................................141
Peele, Greene, And Kyd .................................................................................................................141
Christopher Marlowe, 1564‐1593 .................................................................................................141
Theatrical conditions and the theater buildings............................................................................143
An Elizabethan stage......................................................................................................................143
Shakespeare, 1564‐1616 ...............................................................................................................144
National life from 1603 to 1660 ....................................................................................................147
Ben Jonson .....................................................................................................................................147
The other dramatists .....................................................................................................................149
The Seventeenth Century, 1603‐1660. Prose And Poetry.................................................................152
Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, 1561‐1626. ...........................................................................152
The King James Bible, 1611............................................................................................................154
Minor prose writers .......................................................................................................................154
Lyric poetry ....................................................................................................................................154
John Milton, 1608‐1674.................................................................................................................157
John Bunyan...................................................................................................................................159
The Tudors and the Elizabethan Age .............................................................................................160
The Jacobean Era, Cromwell, and the Restoration........................................................................161
The sixteenth‐century........................................................................................................................162
The early seventeenth century ......................................................................................................163
Elisabeth I...........................................................................................................................................165
The great Elizabethan Age of Exploration .....................................................................................166
The Elizabethan Theatre ................................................................................................................167
William Shakespeare life and work....................................................................................................168
Shakespeare Chronological listing of plays....................................................................................169
Shakespearean Theater .................................................................................................................169
Literary Terms to help reading Shakespeare .................................................................................170
AMERICAN LITERATURE .........................................................................................................................173
American Literary Time Periods.........................................................................................................173
Overview of American History and Literature...................................................................................175
The Pilgrims....................................................................................................................................175
The mayflower compact ................................................................................................................176
Thanksgiving and the indians.........................................................................................................177
The Puritans ...................................................................................................................................177
Salem witchcraft ........................................................................................................................178
The revealed word, antinomianism, individualism ...................................................................179
Caveat‐a‐note on the jeremiad..................................................................................................180
Pioneers to Puritans...................................................................................................................181
Enlightenment to Autonomy .........................................................................................................182
Literature After the Revolution .....................................................................................................182
History of American Literature / Colonial Period ..............................................................................184
Early Colonial Literature. 1607‐1700 .............................................................................................184
I. The English in Virginia: Captain John Smith, William Strachey, George Sandys.....................184
"Leah and Rachel.".....................................................................................................................187
Indian and Early American Literature ........................................................................................188
American Literary aspects: ............................................................................................................188
Early American and Colonial Period to 1776 .............................................................................188
The literature of exploration .....................................................................................................190
III
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