Rundquist Martin - A cementary in Gotland and Fide parishes, Gotland Sweden AD 1 - 1100.pdf

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Ch 00 - Intro
MARTIN RUNDKVIST
B ARSHALDER 1
A cemetery in Grötlingbo and Fide parishes,
Gotland, Sweden, c. AD 1-1100.
Excavations and finds 1826-1971.
Stockholm Archaeological Reports 40.
Department of Archaeology, University of Stockholm.
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Dedication
To the memory of those who buried their dead at Bars-
halder, and of those who have documented their obser-
vations there.
© 2003 Martin Rundkvist
ISBN 91-631-3530-2
Cover design: Göran Österlund, using drawings by Stefan
Kayat and a photograph by Peter Manneke
Graphic design: Textförädling Olle Sahlin
Printed by: Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2003
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Ta b le of Contents
Ta b le of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
1. How to use this book ......................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Points of entry ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Companion literature ............................................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.1 General ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Delimiting the subject ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Basic terminology ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3 Gender terminology ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.4 Chronological basics ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.5 Standards of source criticism ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 The site ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 The place-name Barshalder ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Topography and geology ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Property names and boundaries ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Cemetery division .................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Original extent of the cemetery ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.6 Cultural landscape context in the Iron Age ............................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.6.1 Settlement and farmland .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6.2 Satellite cemeteries ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6.3 Possible harbour sites ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.6.4 Other Iron Age cemeteries in Grötlingbo and Fide parishes .............................................................................. 17
3. Recent history of the cemetery AD 1700-2000 ........................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Chronicle of observations and investigations ....................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 The cadastral maps: Burmeister c. 1700 and Schilder 1703 ............................................................................................. 20
3.1.2 Linnaeus and Wallin in the 1740s .................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3 Hilfeling 1799 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.1.4 Ekdahl 1826 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.1.5 Säve’s folklore .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.5.1 Gullbacken ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.5.2 Trätustajnarna ................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.5.3 Barshaldersbacke ........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.6 Farmsteads at the cemetery ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.7 Fegraeus ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.8 The growth of the collections ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.1.9 Gustafson 1881 & 1882 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.1.10 The Laga Skifte land amalgamation reform: Kruuse and Ytterberg 1878-1893 .................................................. 27
3.1.11 Laurin 1899 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.12 Nordin 1918 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.13 Arne 1920 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.14 Harald Hansson 1921 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.15 Harald Hansson 1927 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.16 Harald Hansson 1928 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.17 Harald Hansson 1930 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.18 Bhr 1930:07 – the rich grave of 1930 ........................................................................................................................................ 35
3.1.19 Nihlén 1931 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
3.1.20 Stenberger 1934 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
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3.1.21 Stenberger 1935 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
3.1.22 Stenberger 1936 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.1.23 Stenberger 1937 & 1938 ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.1.24 Bohrn 1936 & 1938 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
3.1.25 Arbman 1939 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.1.26 Arwidsson 1947 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.1.27 Arwidsson 1950 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.28 Arwidsson 1951 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.29 Arwidsson 1952 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.30 Arwidsson 1954 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.31 Arwidsson 1957 & 1958 .................................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.32 Manneke 1959 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.33 Häger 1960 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
3.1.34 Manneke 1960-61 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.35 Trotzig 1961 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.36 Trotzig 1962 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.37 Trotzig 1963 at the gravel pit ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.38 Trotzig 1963-1967 at Rojrhage 1:1 ............................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.39 Trotzig 1965 at the gravel pit ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
3.1.40 Trotzig 1966 at the gravel pit ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.41 Manneke 1968 and Pär Hansson 1971 ..................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.42 Aldenmo 1971 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.43 Excavations after 1971 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 50
3.2 Section by section ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
3.2.1 Cemetery section 1. Parish gravel pit ............................................................................................................................................ 52
3.2.2 Cemetery section 2. Rojrhagen ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
3.2.3 Cemetery section 3. Roes quarry ................................................................................................................................................... 52
3.2.4 Cemetery section 4. Uddvide quarry ........................................................................................................................................... 53
3.2.5 Cemetery section 5. Käldåkern ......................................................................................................................................................... 53
3.2.6 Cemetery section 6. Gåtthagen ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
3.2.7 Cemetery section 7. Fidenäs .............................................................................................................................................................. 53
4. The Stone Age ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
5. The Roman Iron Age ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.1 Finds and excavated graves up to the end of 1971 .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.2 Topographic distribution .................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
6. The Migration Period ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56
6.1 Finds and excavated graves up to the end of 1971 .......................................................................................................................... 56
6.2 Topographic distribution .................................................................................................................................................................................... 56
6.3 Chronology .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
6.4 Grave structures and mode of disposal ................................................................................................................................................... 56
7. The Vendel Period ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
7.1 Finds and excavated graves up to the end of 1971 .......................................................................................................................... 60
7.2 Topographic distribution .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
7.3 Chronology .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
7.3.1 Previous work ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
7.3.2 Beads ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
7.3.3 Disc brooches ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
7.3.4 Fish-head pendants .................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
7.3.5 Knives ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
7.3.6 Seaxes .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
7.3.7 Lance heads .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
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7.3.8 Umbones ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
7.3.9 The female sequence and methodological critique ............................................................................................................... 65
7.3.10 The male sequence and methodological critique ................................................................................................................ 66
7.3.11 Correlation and absolute dates of the two sequences .................................................................................................... 68
7.4 Grave structures and mode of disposal ................................................................................................................................................... 70
8. The Viking Period .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
8.1 Finds and excavated graves up to the end of 1971 .......................................................................................................................... 72
8.2 Topographic distribution .................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
8.3 Chronology .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
8.3.1 The beginning of the Viking Period .................................................................................................................................................. 75
8.3.2 The end of the Viking Period .............................................................................................................................................................. 75
8.3.3 Phasing the Viking Period ...................................................................................................................................................................... 76
8.3.3.1 Relative chronology of the Viking Period ......................................................................................................................... 76
8.3.3.2 Absolute chronology of the Viking Period phases ...................................................................................................... 78
8.3.4 Uneven Viking Period representation at Barshalder ............................................................................................................. 79
8.3.5 The last burial at Barshalder ................................................................................................................................................................ 79
8.4 Demography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
8.5 Burial ritual ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
8.5.1 Sampling ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
8.5.2 Grave structures and mode of disposal ....................................................................................................................................... 80
8.5.3 Relationships between graves ............................................................................................................................................................ 83
8.5.3.1 Single graves ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
8.5.3.2 Inhumations cut into cremations .......................................................................................................................................... 83
8.5.3.3 Paired parallel separate inhumations ................................................................................................................................. 83
8.5.3.4 Secondary children’s graves .................................................................................................................................................... 83
8.5.3.5 Paired parallel joined inhumations ....................................................................................................................................... 84
9. Features of uncertain date .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
10. Catalogues ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
10.1 Terminology and catalogue conventions ............................................................................................................................................... 89
10.1.1 Grave structures ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
10.1.2 Artefacts ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
10.1.3 Illustration philosophy .......................................................................................................................................................................... 90
10.1.4 Osteological analyses ........................................................................................................................................................................... 90
10.2 Grave finds and excavated features from Barshalder 1826-1971 inclusive ................................................................... 103
10.3 Iron Age stray finds from Barshalder 1857-1997 ......................................................................................................................... 215
10.4 Iron Age grave finds and stray finds from Burställar-Sallmunds 1897-1997 .................................................................. 220
10.5 Iron Age finds, excluding precious-metal hoards, from Grötlingbo and Fide parishes
(except Barshalder and Burställar-Sallmunds) 1858-1997 ...................................................................................................... 222
11. References ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 236
12. Abbreviations and glossary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 242
13. Indices .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 244
13.1 Inventory number to grave number .................................................................................................................................................... 244
13.2 Index of personal names ............................................................................................................................................................................ 248
13.3 List of figures ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
13.4 List of tables ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 251
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