Wachsmann1998_SeagoingShips.pdf

in the

& Seamanship

Bronze Age Levant

SHELLEY WACHSMANN

Foreword by George F. Bass

Texas ADM University Press

COLLEGE STATION

CONTENTS

Foreword, by George F. Bass

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

THE SHIPS: REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE

2. Egyptian Ships

3. The Ships of the Syro-Canaanite Littoral

4. Cypriot Ships

5. Early Ships of the Aegean

6. Minoan/Cycladic Ships

7. Mycenaean/ Achaean Ships

Appendix: The Pylos Rower Tablets

8. The Ships of the Sea Peoples

Appendix: Homer's vqvoi KO~WV~~~V

by J. R. Lenz

Appendix: Additional Evidence

9. Shipwrecks

ASPECTS OF MARITIME ACTIVITY

10. Ship Construction

Appendix: Did Hatshepsut's Punt Ships Have Keels?

by F. M. Hocker

11. Propulsion

12. Anchors

13. Navigation

14. Sea Trade

15. War and Piracy at Sea

16. Sea Laws

17. Conclusions

Appendix: Texts from Ugarit Pertaining to Seafaring,

by J. Hoftijzer and W. H. van Soldt

Notes

Glossary of Nautical Terms, by F. M. Hocker

Bibliography

Index

FOREWORD

It was only with watercraft that

ancient peoples could discover,

explore, colonize, and supply the

once uninhabited islands of the

eastern Mediterranean, and it was

mainly with watercraft that an-

cient peoples of the bordering Af-

rican, Asian, and European coasts

acquired the raw materials-espe-

cially metals and timber-that

allowed the rise of Bronze Age

civilizations in the Levant.

Of course there were overland

caravans and inland caravan cit-

ies, but one can scarcely imagine

huge cedar logs being hauled over-

land from Lebanon to the Nile val-

ley or tons of copper and tin being

carted from the East across Ana-

tolia to Greece, even had there

been a bridge over the Bosporus.

It was on the waters of the Red

Sea, not across desert and through

jungle, that Egyptians sent expedi-

tions to Punt to bring back the ex-

otic goods of tropical Africa.

Maritime commerce turned the

eastern littoral of the Mediterra-

nean into a bustling, cosmopolitan

entrep6t. Ships sailed from the

harbors of Ugarit, Sidon, Tyre,

Ashkelon, and Dor, transporting

metals, ceramics, resins, and spices

southward to Egypt and west-

ward to the Aegean, some at least

as far west as Sardinia. The role of

Cypruswithin this economic sphere

has not yet been determined, but

it must have been considerable.

The long-distance exchange of

goods and ideas by sea was not

always peaceful.We cannot imag-

ine Mycenaean Greeks without the

knowledge of writing and art they

obtained by naval conquest from

the Minoans of Crete. And Myce-

naean troops did not march but

sailed to Troy. Even the end of the

Bronze Age in the eastern Mediter-

ranean was marked by destruction

wrought along the Syro-Canaanite

coast and on Cyprus by raiding

Sea Peoples.

Scholarly interest in the ships

and boats of these events has not

been lacking. But when I, as a

young assistant professor, first of-

fered a graduate seminar on an-

cient seafaringat the University of

Pennsylvania in the middle 1960s,

there were few general references

to which my students and I could

turn for the study of early Near

Eastern and Aegean watercraft.

M. G. A. Reisner's Models of Ships

and Boats (Cafaloguege'nkraldes anfi-

quite's e'gypfiennes du Muske du

Caire) had appeared in 1913, and

from the mid 1920s there were

M. C. Boreux's ~fudes

e'gypfienne and August Koster's

Das anfike Seewesen and Schiffiihrt

und Handelsverkehr des osflichen

Mittlerneeres in 3.und 2.\ahrtausund

v. Chr. For pre-Classical ships we

read Spyridon Marinatos's "La ma-

rine crkto-myc6nieme" in the Bul-

letin de correspondance helle'nique

(1933) and G. Kirk's "Ships on Geo-

metric Vases," in the Bulletin of the

British School of Archaeolom at Ath-

ens (1949).

More generally, we could con-

sult a few pages each in R. and

R. C. Anderson's The Sailing Ship:

Six Thousand Years of History (1963),

James Hornell's Water Transport:

Origins and Early Evolution (1946),

Bjorn Landstrom's beautiful but

speculative The Ship (1961), and

the splendid but popular Illus-

trated History of Ships and Boats and

The Ancient Mariners, both by Lio-

nel Casson.

Mostly, however, we had to

seek out depictions and ancient

written records on our own, slowly

building up a bibliography of sev-

eral hundred titles, carrying heavy

armloads of books from the library

to the seminar room, each tome

often containing but one relevant

illustration of an Egyptian paint-

ing or relief or model. Working

with such primary sources is es-

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