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Anthropologists and the Rediscovery of America, 1886–1965

This book examines the intersection of cultural anthropology and

American cultural nationalism from 1886, when Franz Boas left

Germany for the United States, until 1965, when the National Endowment

for the Humanities was established. Five chapters trace the develop-

ment within academic anthropology of the concepts of culture, social

class, national character, value, and civilization, and their dissemina-

tion to non-anthropologists. As Americans came to think of culture

anthropologically, as a complex whole far broader and more inclusive

than Matthew Arnold’s ‘‘the best that has been thought and known,’’ so,

too, did they come to see American communities as stratiﬁed into social

classes distinguished by their subcultures, to attribute the making of the

American character to socialization rather than birth, to locate the

distinctiveness of American culture in its unconscious canons of choice,

and to view American culture and civilization in a global perspective.

John S. Gilkeson is Associate Professor of Humanities, Arts, and Cul-

tural Studies at Arizona State University, where his teaching focuses on

history and American studies. He has been visiting professor at the John

F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies at the Freie Universit ¨ t

Berlin and has held fellowships from the National Endowment for the

Humanities, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,

and the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. He is

the author of Middle-Class Providence, 1820 – 1940 .

To my friend,

Susan Gray

’Tis the gift to be simple,

’Tis the gift to be free,

’Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,

And when we ﬁnd ourselves in the place just right,

It will be in the valley of love and delight.

When true simplicity is gained,

To bow and to bend we shan’t be ashamed.

To turn, turn will be our delight,

’Til by turning, turning we come round right.

(Elder Joseph Brackett, ‘‘Simple Gifts’’)

Anthropologists and the Rediscovery

of America, 1886–1965

JOHN S. GILKESON

Arizona State University

cambridge university press

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,

S ˜ o Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521766722

John S. Gilkeson 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Gilkeson, John S., 1948–

Anthropologists and the rediscovery of America, 1886–1965 / John S. Gilkeson.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-521-76672-2 (hardback)

1. Ethnology – United States – History. 2. United States – Civilization. 3. Social Classes – United

States – History. 4. Cultural pluralism – United States – History. 5. Subcultures – United States –

History. 6. National characteristics, American. I. Title.

E184.A1G47 2010

305.800973–dc22 2010022339

ISBN 978-0-521-76672-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs

for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not

guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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