Andrew J. Birtle - U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1942-1976 (2006).pdf - 01 - USA(1) - bogg

C OUNTERINSURGENCY AND

C ONTINGENCY

O PERATIONS D OCTRINE

1942–1976

Andrew J. Birtle

CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY

UNITED STATES ARMY

WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006

U.S. A RMY

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Birtle, A. J. (Andrew James)

U.S. Army counterinsurgency and contingency operations doctrine,

1942–1976 / by Andrew J. Birtle.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Counterinsurgency—United States—History—20th century. 2.

United States. Army. I. Title.

U241.B52 2006

355.4’25—dc22

2006020046

CMH Pub 70–98–1

First Printing

F OREWORD

In recent years the U.S. Army has been heavily engaged in per-

forming counterinsurgency and nation-building missions in Iraq,

Afghanistan, and elsewhere. These undertakings, together with recent

operations in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans, have kindled a strong

interest in the Army’s past experiences in combating irregulars and

restoring order overseas. In response, the Center has commissioned its

historians to take a close look at the evolution of counterinsurgency and

related doctrine in the U.S. Army. This volume, covering 1942 to 1976,

is the second volume representing that effort.

During the third quarter of the twentieth century, powerful politi-

cal and socioeconomic forces created instability in many countries.

Watching international communism exploiting such situations, the

United States mobilized its resources to fight Communist subversion

as part of a post–World War II global “Cold War.” While recognizing

the underlying problems that made societies vulnerable to Communist

exploitation, the U.S. Army played a central role in executing all

aspects of this policy. It furnished counterguerrilla training, advice, and

assistance to foreign armies and police forces. It occupied conquered or

unstable countries, organized governments, and supplied men, money,

and materiel to help allied nations redress the socioeconomic and polit-

ical conditions that American policy makers believed fostered unrest.

And when necessary, it fought Communist insurgents, guerrillas, and

even regular forces employed in irregular roles.

The Cold War is over and the threat posed by communism much

diminished. However, the conditions that can fuel civil unrest and

insurrection are still with us and will probably always be features

of human affairs. Soldiers, diplomats, politicians, and analysts will

thus benefit from learning about how the U.S. Army has historically

approached such problems and the successes and failures that those

ventures have met. Although every historical event is unique, many of

the issues and challenges involved in such actions are as relevant today

as they were in the past. By examining evolving Army doctrine, train-

ing, and field operations, this work provides an in-depth look at how

our institution performed its counterinsurgency and nation-building

responsibilities during a previous era of global instability, experiences

iii

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